The Project Gutenberg eBook of Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, México This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, México Author: Robert J. Russell Rollin H. Baker Release date: May 31, 2010 [eBook #32623] Language: English Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cos, Joseph Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE POCKET GOPHER, CRATOGEOMYS CASTANOPS, IN COAHUILA, MÉXICO *** Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cos, Joseph Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net ~University of Kansas Publications~ ~Museum of Natural History~ Volume 7, No. 12, pp. 591-608 March 15, 1955 Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, México BY ROBERT J. RUSSELL AND ROLLIN H. BAKER ~University of Kansas~ ~Lawrence~ 1955 ~University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History~ Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson Volume 7, No. 12, pp. 591-608 Published March 15, 1955 ~University of Kansas~ ~Lawrence, Kansas~ PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1955 25-5679 Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, México By Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker The plateau pocket gopher, _Cratogeomys castanops_, inhabits open lands from southeastern Colorado southward onto the Mexican Plateau as far south as southern San Luis Potosí and southeastern Zacatecas and southeastward to the Coastal Plain of northern Tamaulipas. This species occurs at elevations from as low as 26 feet at Matamoras in Tamaulipas to as high as 8700 feet in valleys of south-eastern Coahuila. In 1934, Nelson and Goldman (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:135-154, June 13, 1934) revised the genus _Cratogeomys_ and decided that six subspecies of _C. castanops_ occurred in Coahuila. In the present account, we describe four previously unknown subspecies from Coahuila, exclude from the state two others recorded from there by Nelson and Goldman, and show that three others named previously from adjacent Mexican states do occur in Coahuila. This makes eleven subspecies now known from that state. From Coahuila Nelson and Goldman had 35 study specimens of _C. castanops_ from seven localities and we have had 234 specimens from 63 localities. Consequently we have been able to define with greater certainty, than formerly was possible, the geographic distribution of _C. castanops_ in this Mexican state and similarly analyze more completely the geographic variation. Coahuila is near the center of the geographic range of _C. castanops_. The occurrence of 11 subspecies within the state seems to be the result of partial or perhaps, in some cases, total isolation of populations of _C. castanops_ because of the highly dissected topography and the variability of the soil. _Cratogeomys castanops_ is a sedentary animal preferring open plains mantled by suitable soils, preferably sandy in texture, in which the animals can dig their elaborate underground systems of runways. Thin soils of hard texture and rocky soils do not offer optimum habitat for _C. castanops_, and the animals usually are absent or uncommon in such situations. Desert mountains with their thin rocky soils, elevated passes, perpendicular rocky cliffs, and stands of oaks and conifers at higher elevations present impassable barriers for pocket gophers of this species. The Río Grande, bordering Coahuila to the north, in many places flowing through steep-walled cañons, also seems to be a barrier that this fossorial rodent does not cross; distinct subspecies occur on the two sides of the river directly opposite each other (also see Nelson and Goldman, _op. cit._: 143). Smaller streams, such as the Río Salado, Río Nazas and Río Salinas, seem to be unimportant barriers to the passage of these pocket gophers. The food supply of _C. castanops_ seems adequate in most situations and consequently food is unimportant in governing the distribution of this species. Principal foods of _C. castanops_ are fleshy tuberous roots of well-distributed desert shrubs, but in the valleys of the high mountains of southeastern Coahuila, where desert shrubs are absent, roots and leaves of low-growing forbs are eaten. Three distinct habitats for _C. castanops_ occur in Coahuila. The state is crossed by a series of mostly impassable, mountainous ridges beginning at the northwestern boundary at the Cañon de Boquillas on the Río Grande and extending southeastward to the east-central border. This divides Coahuila into a more humid and less elevated northeastern area which is an inland extension westward of the Coastal Plain and a more arid and higher western and southern area which is a part of the "Mesa del Norte" of the Mexican Plateau. In the extreme southeast the still higher elevated plains and intermontane valleys within the Sierra Madre Oriental afford a third habitat for populations of this species. The subspecies of these pocket gophers found in any one of these three habitats show greater affinity to each other than they do to any subspecies found in the other habitats. Generally speaking, populations of _C. castanops_ from northeastern Coahuila are related, as a group, in color and cranial features. Partial isolation of subspecies in this area results chiefly from discontinuity of suitable soils rather than from topography. These pocket gophers occur most commonly in the deep, sandy soils which are found along streams, especially where farm lands are irrigated. In western and southern Coahuila, mountains extending in both north-south and east-west directions act as partial barriers to the passage of _C. castanops_. Within this large area, pocket gophers occur in desert basins many of which are enclosed on two or more sides by mountains. Even so, with the exception of the smaller _C. c. consitus_ of northwestern Coahuila, all known subspecies occurring at lower elevations in the western and southern part of the state show close relationships in color and cranial features. Those subspecies in the higher parts of southeastern Coahuila by their small size and dark color reflect to a high degree their isolation in an elevated habitat. Males of _C. castanops_ differ greatly from females of equal age; consequently animals of the same sex, as well as of the same age, are used herein for taxonomic comparisons. Since, of any given age-group, females show less individual variation than do males, we have relied more on the characteristics of the females in this taxonomic study. Only specimens taken at approximately the same times of the year have been compared for color of pelage. Capitalized color terms are those of Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912. Specimens made available through the courtesy of the authorities of the Biological Surveys Collection of the United States National Museum are indicated in the accounts of subspecies as BSC; other specimens listed are in the collection of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas University Endowment Association and the National Science Foundation. In any one of the lists of "Specimens examined" beyond, the order of arrangement of the localities is from north to south. Those localities listed in Roman type are represented on the distribution map (Figure 1) by blacked-in circles. Each of several circles covers two or more localities because the localities are close together. In any such instance the northernmost place is listed in Roman type and the names of the other places follow in Italic type. Measurements in millimeters are given in table 1 for females and in table 2 for males. +Cratogeomys castanops convexus+ Nelson and Goldman 1934. _Cratogeomys castanops convexus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:142, June 13, type from 7 mi. E Las Vacas [= Villa Acuña], Río Grande Valley, Coahuila (opposite Del Río, Texas). _Distribution._--Extreme northern Coahuila, east and north of the Serranías del Burro (see fig. 1). _Diagnosis._--Previously known from only one specimen, a subadult female, this subspecies has not been well diagnosed. At hand we have five near topotypes of _convexus_ (including two adult females and one adult male) and specimens assignable to this subspecies from several other localities. This subspecies may be characterized as follows: Size medium (see tables 1 and 2); dorsal profile of skull convex in females and flat, especially posteriorly, in males; zygomata weakly constructed and not widely flaring; mastoid and tympanic bullae inflated; nasals short; rostrum broad and short; maxillary teeth large. [Illustration: ~Fig. 1.~ Geographic ranges of the subspecies of _Cratogeomys castanops_ found in Coahuila, México. Guide to subspecies 4. _C. c. bullatus_ 8. _C. c. subsimus_ 1. _C. c. convexus_ 5. _C. c. ustulatus_ 9. _C. c. goldmani_ 2. _C. c. consitus_ 6. _C. c. jucundus_ 10. _C. c. subnubilus_ 3. _C. c. sordidulus_ 7. _C. c. excelsus_ 11. _C. c. planifrons_] _Comparisons._--From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops angusticeps_ Nelson and Goldman, found to the north and east across the Río Grande in Texas, _convexus_ differs in: Body larger; upper parts more reddish, especially on sides; skull with zygomata less heavy, nasals broader, pterygoids smaller, maxillary teeth larger. For comparisons of _convexus_ with the subspecies of _C. castanops_ found to the west, south and southeast, see accounts of the subspecies to follow. _Remarks._--The geographic range of _convexus_ is restricted, being bounded on the west and southwest by mountains, especially the Serranías del Burro, and on the north and east by the Río Grande. The range of the subspecies found to the southeast may not be continuous with that of _convexus_. At least, in the area between Villa Acuña and Piedras Negras, along the Río Grande, no specimens were obtained and no sign was observed. We suspect that in this area the species occurs only locally if at all. A specimen taken near the Río Grande in Coahuila, opposite Samuels, Texas, and assigned to _Cratogeomys castanops clarkii_ by Nelson and Goldman (op. cit.:140), has been examined by us and is referable to _convexus_. This specimen is typical of _convexus_ except for the lesser inflation of the mastoid bullae and tympanic bullae. Conspicuous differences between _convexus_ and _angusticeps_ indicate that the Río Grande is an effective barrier to passage by these rodents. _Specimens examined._--Total, 14, all from Coahuila: Río Grande, 17 mi. S Dryden, Terrell Co., Texas, 6; Río Grande, opposite Samuels, Val Verde Co., Texas, 1 (BSC); Villa Acuña, 5; Cañon del Cochino, 21 mi. E and 16 mi. N Piedra Blanca, 1; 11 mi. W Hda. San Miguel, 1. +Cratogeomys castanops bullatus+ new subspecies _Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 48498, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., 2 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. E Nava, 810 ft., Coahuila; 16 June 1952; obtained by Robert J. Russell, original number 276. _Distribution._--Desert lowlands of northeastern Coahuila, from the Río Grande to as far southwestward as the Río Sabinas (see fig. 1). _Diagnosis._--Body medium for the species (see tables 1 and 2); tail long; hind foot small; upper parts Light Ochraceous-Buff (in summer pelage) and Orange-Buff (in winter pelage), bases of hairs Plumbeous; underparts white to pale buffy; skull small, broad and slightly convex in dorsal outline; zygomata widely flaring; palate short; rostrum short; nasals short; mastoid and tympanic bullae inflated; basioccipital with lateral edges parallel; maxillary teeth small. _Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops convexus_, found to the north, _bullatus_ differs in: Hind foot shorter; skull much broader in relation to length; rostrum narrower but, relative to length of skull, wider; tympanic bullae slightly more inflated; incisors and maxillary teeth smaller. From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops angusticeps_, found across the Río Grande and upstream from localities where _bullatus_ is known to occur, _bullatus_ differs in: Body slightly smaller; color paler, especially on sides; skull shorter and broader; rostrum shorter and broader; nasals shorter; mastoid and tympanic bullae more inflated; maxillary teeth smaller. For comparisons of _bullatus_ with the subspecies of _C. castanops_ found to the west and south, see accounts of the subspecies to follow. _Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_ in small size resembles _C. c. tamaulipensis_ Nelson and Goldman of the lower Río Grande Valley in Tamaulipas, but the two differ markedly in cranial features. _Cratogeomys c. bullatus_ is smaller than _convexus_ but these two subspecies resemble each other in color and cranial characters. Both have an arched skull, inflated mastoid and tympanic bullae, short nasals, and a short rostrum. Comparison of _bullatus_ with _angusticeps_, which occurs across the Río Grande but not directly opposite the range of _bullatus_, indicates that these two subspecies are less closely related than _bullatus_ is to _tamaulipensis_ and _convexus_. _Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_ is especially common in sandy soils in the vicinity of Nava where the mounds were in fallow irrigated fields and other open places between extensive live oak thickets. South and west of the Río Grande the animals were less abundant and lived in heavier soils usually as individuals or in small groups. Specimens were taken at elevations from as low as 800 feet to as high as 2,000 feet. _Specimens examined._--Total, 24, from: 2 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. E Nava, 810 ft., 2; 2 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava, 800 ft., 1; _3 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava, 800 ft._, 4; 29 mi. N and 6 mi. E Sabinas, 5; 10 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa, 2000 ft., 1; La Gacha [= La Concha], 1600 ft., 8; 8 mi. S and 8 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa, 1900 ft., 1; 9 mi. S and 11 mi. E Sabinas, 1050 ft., 2. +Cratogeomys castanops ustulatus+ new subspecies _Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 34589, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., Don Martin, 800 ft., Coahuila; 19 August 1949; obtained by W. Kim Clark, original number 1034. _Distribution._--Extreme northeastern Coahuila from the vicinity of Presa Don Martin southward into northwestern Neuvo León in the valley of the Río Salado and its tributaries at least as far south as the vicinity of Vallecillo (see fig. 1). _Diagnosis._--Body large for species (see tables 1 and 2); hind foot short; upper parts Apricot Buff (in fresh summer pelage) and Salmon-Buff strongly mixed with black (in fresh winter pelage); underparts Light Ochraceous-Buff; skull large, especially in females, and broad; zygomatic arches widely flaring; palate long; rostrum broad; nasals long; mastoid and tympanic bullae not conspicuously inflated; incisors narrow; maxillary teeth large. _Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_ found to the north, _ustulatus_ differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper parts darker, more rufous and less buffy; skull larger, especially in palate, nasals, and rostrum; zygomata more widely flaring; tympanic bullae less inflated; incisors slightly larger; maxillary teeth larger. From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis_ found to the southeast, _ustulatus_ differs in: Body larger; upper parts, in winter pelage, darker, more rufous and less buffy; underparts paler; skull larger, especially in palate, rostrum and nasals; zygomata more widely flaring; tympanic bullae more inflated; pterygoids larger; basioccipital narrower, its sides parallel instead of convex; maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_, found to the southwest, _ustulatus_ differs in: Tail shorter; hind foot smaller; upper parts darker, more rufous and less pinkish-buff; skull shorter; zygomata less widely flaring; palate shorter; rostrum averaging slightly narrower; nasals shorter; incisors narrower; maxillary teeth slightly smaller. For comparison of _ustulatus_ with the subspecies of _C. castanops_ to the southwest, see account of that subspecies to follow. _Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops ustulatus_ is a large-sized pocket gopher with a relatively larger, skull. In size o£ skull, _ustulatus_ is exceeded only by _C. c. subsimus_ found beyond the mountains in the southern part of Coahuila. In size, _ustulatus_ differs so markedly from _bullatus_ that the two can be distinguished easily by this feature alone. The skull of _C. c. convexus_ approaches that of _ustulatus_ in size, but is smaller in all respects, save breadth of rostrum. This pocket gopher is found commonly along the Río Salado and its watershed. Fallow cotton fields in the vicinity of Anahuac [= Rodríques], Nuevo León, are preferred living places. This subspecies was found at elevations as high as 1000 feet and as low as 600 feet. _Specimens examined._--Total, 10, from: Don Martin, 800 ft., 5; _base of Don Martin Dam_, 2; _2 mi. SE Don Martin Dam, along Río Salado_, 2; 5 mi. SE Don Martin, 1. _Records from Nuevo León._--Total, 14, from: 9 mi. N and 2 mi. W Anahuac [= Rodríques], 1; 4 mi. N and 1 mi. W Anahuac [= Rodríques], 5; 3 mi. N Lampazos, 4; 1 mi. N Vallecillo, 1000 ft., 1; Vallecillo, 20 mi. S Río Salado, 1000 ft., 3. +Cratogeomys castanops jucundus+ new subspecies _Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 56603, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; Hermanas, 1205 ft., Coahuila; 5 December 1953; obtained by Robert W. Dickerman, original number 2051. _Distribution._--Arid plains and broad intermontane valleys of east-central Coahuila (see fig. 1). _Diagnosis._--Body largest for the species (see table 1); tail long; hind foot large; upper parts in winter pelage Ochraceous-Buff, in summer pelage Antimony Yellow; underparts Pale Ochraceous-Buff; skull medium in size, broad; zygomata moderately flaring; palate medium in length; rostrum broad; nasals moderately long; maxillary teeth small. _Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomy castanops ustulatus_, found to the east, jucundus differs in: Body larger; tail longer; hind foot larger; upper parts paler, more ochraceous and less rufous; skull averaging smaller; zygomata slightly less expanded laterally; palate and nasals shorter; squamosal breadth less; mastoid bullae less inflated, especially in females; rostrum slightly narrower; maxillary tooth-row shorter. From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis_, found to the southeast, _jucundus_ differs in: Body larger; tail longer; hind foot smaller; upper parts, in winter pelage, paler, more ochraceous and less rufous; skull larger; zygomata more widely flaring; palate longer; rostrum broader; tympanic bullae more inflated; basioccipital with sides parallel instead of convex; maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomy castanops excelsus_, found to the southwest, _jucundus_ differs in: Body larger; hind foot averaging larger; upper parts darker, more ochraceous, and less buffy; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull slightly smaller; zygomata less widely flaring, especially in females; palate shorter; nasals shorter; squamosal breadth less; mastoid bullae more inflated; incisors narrower. From _Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_, found to the south, _jucundus_ differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more ochraceous and less yellowish; skull smaller; zygomata less widely expanded laterally; palate and nasals shorter; rostrum narrower; squamosal breadth less; maxillary tooth-row shorter. From _Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_, found to the north, _jucundus_ differs in: Body larger; tail averaging longer; hind foot larger; color of upper parts more ochraceous and less rufous; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull larger, especially in length, in width across zygomata, in lengths of palate, rostrum and nasals; mastoid and tympanic bullae less inflated; squamosal breadth greater. _Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops jucundus_ is large, exceeding subsimus in dimensions of the body, but differing from _subsimus_ in relatively smaller skull. Passage to the north and northeast by _jucundus_ is at least partly blocked by inhospitable mountainous country; the resulting semi-isolation may be one reason for the distinctive characteristics of _jucundus_ compared with those of _bullatus_ and _ustulatus_. Two specimens from Monclova, assigned to _tamaulipensis_ by Nelson and Goldman (op. cit.:142), are here referred to _jucundus_ on the basis of cranial characters and size. Specimens were trapped in fallow irrigated fields in the vicinity of Monclova. Others were taken in deep soils in desert flats. _Specimens examined._--Total, 19, from: Hermanas, 1205 ft., 9; _1 mi. S Hermanas_, 2; 1 mi. N and 13 mi. E Cuatro Ciénegas, 2; 5 mi. N and 2 mi. W Monclova, 1; _2 mi. N and 1 mi. E Monclova_, 1; Monclova, 2 (BSC); Hisachalo [= Huisachalo], 2. +Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus+ new subspecies _Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 56614, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo, 3300 ft., Coahuila; 16 December 1953; obtained by Robert W. Dickerman, original number 2164. _Distribution._--Desert plains of north-central Coahuila, surrounded for the most part by higher mountainous country (see fig. 1). _Diagnosis._--Body large for species (see tables 1 and 2); tail short; hind foot large; upper parts Ochraceous-Buff (in summer pelage) and Orange-Buff (in fresh winter pelage); underparts Pale Ochraceous-Salmon; skull medium in size and narrow; zygomata narrow; rostrum narrow; palate short; nasals medium in length; basioccipital small and narrow; mastoid bullae not greatly inflated; tympanic bullae inflated; incisors small; maxillary teeth small. _Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops jucundus_, found beyond the mountains to the southeast, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body smaller; tail shorter; hind foot slightly smaller; upper parts darker, more ochraceous and less yellowish, with plumbeous bases of hairs more conspicuous; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull slightly shorter, more nearly flat, and narrower; zygomata less widely flaring; rostrum narrower; mastoid bullae less inflated; incisors and maxillary teeth slightly smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_, found to the south and southwest, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body slightly smaller; tail shorter; hind foot slightly larger; upper parts darker, more ochraceous and less pinkish-buff; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull smaller and narrower; zygomata less widely flaring; sides more nearly parallel and not expanded anteriorly; palate shorter; rostrum narrower and, in relation to greatest length of skull, longer; tympanic bullae slightly more inflated; incisors and maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops consitus_, found to the north and west, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper parts paler, more ochraceous and less rufous; skull decidedly larger and wider; zygomata more widely flaring; palate and nasals longer; rostrum broader; mastoid bullae and tympanic bullae larger; maxillary teeth smaller. From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops clarkii_ (Baird), found to the northwest, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper parts, in winter pelage, paler, more ochraceous and less dark-rufous; skull slightly smaller and narrower; rostrum narrower; nasals slightly shorter; sides of basioccipital more nearly parallel instead of wedge-shaped; mastoid bullae less inflated; incisor and maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops convexus_, found to the northeast, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper parts slightly darker, more ochraceous and less buffy; skull narrower; zygomata more nearly parallel and less expanded anteriorly; rostrum narrower and longer; nasals longer; squamosal breadth greater; mastoid bullae less inflated; maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_, found to the east, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper parts darker, more ochraceous and less buffy; skull larger in all respects; zygomata more widely flaring; tympanic bullae less inflated; maxillary teeth larger. _Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus_ is limited to the Llano de Ocampo, an elevated, desert plain surrounded on three sides, west, south and east, by higher mountainous country which seems to bar the passage of this rodent. On the eastern side this barrier extends north to the very banks of the Río Grande in the Cañon de Boquillas. This subspecies, therefore, is in contact with other populations of _Cratogeomys_ only to the north and northwest. This subspecies is well characterized by size, color and cranial characteristics. _Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus_ is not abundant; groups of mounds constructed by one or a few individuals were found in widely separated places. Mounds were often small, appeared old and, in other ways, were inconspicuous on arid flats. The animals were taken at elevations as low as 3250 feet and as high as 4150 feet. _Specimens examined._--Total, 13, from: 50 mi. N and 20 mi. W Ocampo, 4150 ft., 1; 18 mi. S and 14 mi. E Tanque Alvarez, 4000 ft., 4; 1-1/2 mi. NW Ocampo, 3300 ft., 6; _Ocampo_, 1; 5 mi. N and 19 mi. W Cuatro Ciénegas, 3250 ft., 1. +Cratogeomys castanops consitus+ Nelson and Goldman 1934. _Cratogeomys castanops consitus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:140, June 13, type from Gallego, 5500 ft., Chihuahua. _Distribution._--Arid high plains from central Chihuahua, east and southeast at least into northwestern Coahuila (see fig. 1). _Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops lacrimalis_ Nelson and Goldman, specimens from Boquillas and Marathon north of the Río Grande in Texas, _consitus_ differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more light buffy and less rufous; underparts paler, light buffy instead of dark buffy; skull decidedly smaller; zygomata slightly less widely flaring; palate especially shorter; rostrum narrower; squamosal breadth less; incisors smaller. From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops clarkii_, found to the north along the Río Grande, _consitus_ differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more buffy and less rufous; skull markedly smaller, especially in palate and nasals; zygomata less widely flaring; tympanic bullae more inflated; mastoid bullae less inflated; basioccipital parallel-sided as opposed to wedge-shaped. From _Cratogeomys castanops convexus_, found to the east, _consitus_ differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more buffy and less ochraceous; underparts paler, white or light buffy instead of pale ochraceous; skull smaller; zygomata less widely flaring; palate shorter; rostrum decidedly narrower and, relative to length of skull, longer; squamosal breadth less; incisors smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_, found to the south, _consitus_ differs in: Size smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts darker, more rufous and less pinkish-buff; skull conspicuously smaller, especially in palate, rostrum, and nasals; zygomata less widely flaring; mastoid bullae and tympanic bullae more inflated; incisors smaller; maxillary teeth relatively larger. For comparison of _consitus_ with _Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus_, see previous account. _Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops consitus_ is a small pocket gopher (see tables 1 and 2); the largest adult available to us is much smaller than the smallest adult of any adjacent subspecies. Specimens from Coahuila assigned to _consitus_ compare favorably with topotypes although those from the vicinity of Jaco are smaller, paler and have a narrower rostrum and smaller maxillary teeth. An immature male trapped three miles northeast of Sierra Mojada is tentatively assigned to _consitus_. This subspecies seems to be rare in northwestern Coahuila and small colonies are widely scattered. _Cratogeomys castanops clarkii_ (Baird) may occur along the Río Grande in extreme northwestern Coahuila. No specimens are known from Coahuila, and none was found in the vicinity of Boquillas, Coahuila, in 1952. _Specimens examined._--Total, 8, from: 3 mi. N and 9 mi. E El Pino, 1; 6 mi. E Jaco, Chihuahua, _in_ Coahuila, 6; 3 mi. NE Sierra Mojada, 1. +Cratogeomys castanops excelsus+ Nelson and Goldman 1934. _Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:143, June 13, type from San Pedro, 10 mi. W Laguna de Mayrán, Coahuila. _Distribution._--Desert plains of southwestern Coahuila and northeastern Durango (see fig. 1). _Comparisons._--_Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_ is characterized by large size and pale color; it is the palest subspecies of _C. castanops_. Of adjacent subspecies, excelsus most closely resembles _C. c. subsimus_ which occurs to the east and resembles least _C. c. consitus_, which occurs to the northwest. From _Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_, found to the east, _excelsus_ differs in: Body averaging slightly larger; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more light buffy and less yellowish; skull smaller; palate especially shorter; rostrum narrower; nasals shorter; incisors slightly smaller; maxillary tooth-row shorter. Compared with topotypes of _C. c. goldmani_, found to the south, _excelsus_ differs in: Body larger; hind foot smaller; upper parts in winter pelage paler, more buffy and less rufous; skull larger; zygomata more widely flaring; rostrum broader; nasals shorter; tympanic bullae larger and more inflated; maxillary teeth larger. Specimens of _excelsus_ from the vicinity of Torreón, in southwestern Coahuila, are slightly smaller in cranial dimensions than more typical examples of the subspecies. In small size, at least, these specimens show some resemblance to _goldmani_ to the south. The range of _excelsus_ approaches that of _C. c. consitus_ in west-central Coahuila (see fig. 1), but no evidence of intergradation between these two subspecies could be ascertained. For comparison of _excelsus_ with _consitus_, see account of the latter. _Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_ lives in the deep soils of the arid interior basin of southwestern Coahuila and adjacent parts of Durango. This animal is common in the cultivated areas in, and in the vicinity of, the formerly extensive Laguna de Mayrán. East of this laguna the land becomes progressively higher, and _C. c. subsimus_ occurs in the higher, more dissected part of this area. _Specimens examined._--Total, 33, from: 8 mi. E and 2 mi. S Americanos, 3500 ft., 3; 4 mi. N Acatita, 3600 ft., 9; 20 mi. S El Hundido, 1; San Pedro, 2 (BSC); _1 mi. SW San Pedro de las Colonias, 3700 ft._, 4; 10 mi. N and 11 mi. W San Lorenzo, 2; 2 mi. E Torreón, 12. +Cratogeomys castanops subsimus+ Nelson and Goldman 1934. _Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:144, June 13, type from Jaral, Coahuila. _Distribution._--Desert plains and lower foothills of mountains in south-central Coahuila (see fig. 1). _Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops goldmani_, found to the southwest, _subsimus_ differs in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper parts paler, more yellowish and less rufous; skull larger and rougher, having more prominent ridges and crests and deeper fossae for attachment of muscles; zygomata more widely flaring; palate longer; rostrum broader; nasals longer; squamosal breadth greater; maxillary teeth larger. From _C. c. subnubilus_, found to the south, _subsimus_ differs in: Body larger; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more yellowish-buff and less blackish; skull decidedly larger in all respects. From _C. c. planifrons_, found at higher elevations to the southeast, _subsimus_ differs in the same respects as _subsimus_ differs from _subnubilus_. For comparisons between _subsimus_ and subspecies to the west, north and northeast, see accounts above. TABLE 1. ~Measurements of Adult Female Cratogeomys from Coahuila, México~ Table legend: Column A: No. av. or cat. no. Column B: Total length Column C: Length of tail Column D: Length of hind foot Column E: Condylobasal breadth Column F: Zygomatic breadth Column G: Length of palate Column H: Breadth of rostrum Column I: Length of nasals Column J: Squamosal breadth Column K: Alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row ======================================================================== A B C D E F G H I J K ------------------------------------------------------------------------ _C. c. convexus_, Villa Acuña 52259 260 86 37 50.6 31.7 33.8 11.7 16.7 29.1 9.3 52261 265 83 38 49.3 31.6 32.9 11.8 15.8 28.9 10.6 _C. c. bullatus_, vicinity of Nava 5 Av. 256 80 36 47.4 30.6 32.6 10.7 17.1 27.9 9.5 Min. 242 72 35 47.0 30.6 32.3 10.0 16.5 27.5 9.2 Max. 263 85 37 47.7 31.1 32.9 11.6 17.8 28.2 9.8 _C. c. ustulatus_, vicinity of Don Martin 8 Av. 273 74 36 51.4 33.5 35.4 11.8 18.8 30.1 10.0 Min. 261 64 35 50.7 32.6 34.8 11.0 17.8 29.1 9.3 Max. 280 83 38 52.1 34.1 36.5 12.5 19.2 30.8 10.6 _C. c. jucundus_, Hermanas 4 Av. 296 85 39 50.9 33.0 34.6 11.5 18.0 29.6 9.4 Min. 294 83 38 49.8 32.1 33.8 11.0 17.0 29.0 9.1 Max. 298 86 39 51.8 33.8 35.0 11.6 18.6 30.1 9.6 _C. c. sordidulus_, 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo 3 Av. 276 79 37 50.4 31.7 34.6 10.9 18.2 30.0 9.1 Min. 270 75 36 49.5 30.6 33.8 10.3 17.7 29.8 8.9 Max. 288 85 39 51.4 32.4 35.2 11.4 18.5 30.1 9.2 _C. c. consitus_, 6 mi. E Jaco, Chihuahua, in Coahuila 4 Av. 229 74 32 43.8 28.1 29.6 9.7 16.0 26.2 8.9 Min. 226 68 31 42.6 27.3 29.4 9.4 15.5 25.7 8.1 Max. 232 78 32 45.8 28.8 29.9 9.9 16.2 26.9 9.2 _C. c. excelsus_, 4 mi. N Acatita 4 Av. 284 82 37 51.4 34.1 35.4 11.6 18.9 31.2 9.5 Min. 274 77 35 51.1 33.6 34.7 10.4 18.4 30.5 9.2 Max. 291 86 38 51.6 34.9 36.1 12.1 20.1 31.7 9.9 _C. c. subsimus_, 12 mi. N and 10 mi. E Parras 34937 287 87 39 53.1 34.9 36.9 11.5 19.4 31.7 10.5 Jaral (BSC) 51049 295 104 40 53.2 34.1 36.9 12.6 18.7 29.7 10.0 _C. c. goldmani_, 1 mi. S Jimulco 55611 250 85 35 46.0 32.6 31.4 10.7 16.3 27.8 9.8 _C. c. subnubilus_, 1 mi. S Carneros 33128 220 65 29 40.8 27.9 27.2 8.7 12.7 24.7 8.1 2 mi. W San Miguel 33132 222 65 30 40.4 26.3 26.6 8.1 13.2 24.5 8.4 1 mi. N Agua Nueva 33127 220 74 29 41.8 24.6 28.4 8.3 14.2 23.9 8.4 8 mi. N La Ventura 34934 235 76 30 42.2 27.9 28.5 9.0 14.3 26.3 7.8 _C. c. planifrons_, 12 mi. W San Antonio de las Alazanas 5 Av. 244 66 32 43.7 28.0 29.1 9.4 14.5 26.2 8.6 Min. 239 62 31 43.3 27.5 28.7 8.9 13.6 25.3 8.3 Max. 247 69 33 44.3 28.5 9.4 9.7 15.3 26.8 8.9 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- TABLE 2. ~Measurements of Adult Male Cratogeomys from Coahuila, México~ Table legend: Column A: No. av. or cat. no. Column B: Total length Column C: Length of tail Column D: Length of hind foot Column E: Condylobasal breadth Column F: Zygomatic breadth Column G: Length of palate Column H: Breadth of rostrum Column I: Length of nasals Column J: Squamosal breadth Column K: Alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row ======================================================================== A B C D E F G H I J K ------------------------------------------------------------------------ _C. c. convexus_, Villa Acuña 52260 275 89 39 55.0 34.4 37.0 12.6 20.0 30.9 10.4 _C. c. bullatus_, 3 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava 48500 261 80 36 49.7 35.3 34.4 12.4 17.1 29.2 9.5 La Gacha 57028 250 76 34 49.9 34.0 34.4 11.5 16.6 28.4 9.3 _C. c. ustulatus_, Don Martin 34587 280 75 37 54.6 37.3 38.2 13.7 20.6 31.8 10.3 _C. c. jucundus_, Hermanas 56605 311 80 42 56.9 38.7 40.1 13.3 21.0 32.3 9.9 _C. c. sordidulus_, 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo 56733 307 88 37 57.5 49.6 40.3 13.6 22.1 33.1 10.3 _C. c. consistus_, 3 mi. N and 9 mi. E El Pino 54547 289 94 36 53.8 32.6 37.1 12.7 18.8 29.5 9.6 _C. c. excelsus_, 2 mi. E Torreón 40224 315 97 41 54.7 37.8 37.6 12.1 19.5 31.4 9.8 _C. c. subsimus_, Hda. El Tulillo, 5 km. S Hipolito 35772 315 105 40 56.4 35.3 39.5 12.5 20.8 33.8 10.6 2 mi. N Santa Cruz 48517 316 89 40 58.2 37.9 40.3 14.1 21.7 34.8 10.3 _C. c. goldmani_, W foot Pico de Jimulco 55610 255 82 36 48.9 33.4 33.4 11.7 17.7 29.6 9.3 _C. c. subnubilus_, Carneros (BSC) 79484 247 86 34 45.3 30.9 30.8 9.6 15.7 28.4 8.5 8 mi. N La Ventura 34932 250 79 34 46.3 31.8 31.0 9.6 16.4 28.7 8.4 _C. c. planifrons_, 4 mi. S and 6 mi. E Saltillo 35779 254 76 34 48.0 32.2 32.6 9.8 16.6 28.0 8.6 35780 272 85 35 48.8 33.2 34.1 10.5 17.5 29.9 9.5 12 mi. S and 2 mi. E Arteaga 33122 255 72 35 47.0 32.3 31.2 10.5 15.5 28.7 9.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ _Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_ is the largest known subspecies of the species in cranial dimensions, but is exceeded in size of body by _C. c. jucundus_ to the north. Of adjacent subspecies, _subsimus_ is the most closely related to _excelsus_ and shows little or no relationship to the smaller and darker _C. c. subnubilus_ and _C. c. planifrons_, which are found at higher elevations to the south and southeast, respectively. Movements by _subsimus_ to the north, east, and south are barred by inhospitable mountains. Specimens of _subsimus_ from the northeastern part of its range are larger and darker than other specimens assigned to this subspecies. An adult female, assigned to _subsimus_, from the vicinity of Santa Rosa is noticeably smaller and paler than typical specimens of this subspecies. _Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_ occurs in scattered colonies in sandy soils principally in the upper drainage of the Río Salinas. Specimens have also been taken from the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental and westward on the elevated desert plains. _Specimens examined._--Total, 22, from: 3 mi. S and 3 mi. E Muralla, 3800 ft., 3; 2 mi. N Santa Cruz, 2; 21 mi. S and 11 mi. E Australia, 4400 ft., 6; Jaral, 3860 ft., 4 (BSC); _Hacienda El Tulillo, 5 km. S Hipolito_, 2; 17 mi. N and 8 mi. W Saltillo, 5200 ft., 1; 3 mi. N and 5 mi. W La Rosa, 3600 ft., 1; 12 mi. N and 10 mi. E Parras, 5000 ft., 1; N foot Sierra Guadalupe, 9 mi. S and 5 mi. W General Cepeda, 6200 ft., 1; _N foot Sierra Guadalupe, 10 mi. S and 5 mi. W General Cepeda, 6500 ft._, 1. +Cratogeomys castanops goldmani+ Merriam 1895. _Cratogeomys castanops goldmani_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna 8:160, January 31, type from Cañitas, Zacatecas. _Distribution._--Plains of northeastern Zacatecas, northward into extreme southwestern Coahuila (see fig. 1). _Comparisons._--Compared with _Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus_, found to the east, _goldmani_ differs in: Body larger, tail and hind foot longer; color paler, more rufous and less blackish; skull larger; zygomata more widely flaring; palate larger; rostrum broader; nasals longer; maxillary teeth larger. Compared with _Cratogeomys castanops rubellus_ Nelson and Goldman, found to the southeast, _goldmani_ differs in: Body and skull smaller; zygomata less widely flaring; palate shorter; rostrum narrower; maxillary teeth smaller. _Remarks._--Records of _goldmani_ given here extend the known range of this subspecies northward into southwestern Coahuila. Specimens assigned to this subspecies from Coahuila compare favorably with topotypes of _goldmani_ (see tables 1 and 2) but are slightly paler, and in this respect show some relationship to _excelsus_. The ranges of these two subspecies however, are partly isolated by mountainous country in southern Coahuila. _Specimens examined._--Total, 6, from: W foot Pico de Jimulco, 4600 ft., 1; _Valley Río Aguanaval, 1 mi. S Jimulco_, 4; 1-1/2 mi. N Parras, 1. +Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus+ Nelson and Goldman 1934. _Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:145, June 13, type from Carneros, 6800 ft., Coahuila. _Distribution._--Intermontane valleys and plains of southeastern Coahuila and probably adjacent parts of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León (see fig. 1). _Comparisons._--_Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus_ needs close comparison only with _Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_, found to the east and from which _subnubilus_ differs in: Body, hind foot and skull smaller; upper parts, in summer pelage, paler, more rufous-buff and less dark russet; underparts paler, more whitish and less blackish; hairs of hind foot reddish rather than blackish; zygomata more widely flaring; palate shorter, especially in females; rostrum broader, especially in females; nasals slightly smaller; squamosal breadth greater; incisors narrower, especially in males; maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops rubellus_ Nelson and Goldman, found to the south in San Luis Potosí, _subnubilus_ differs in: Body, hind foot and all parts of skull smaller; upper parts and underparts darker, more blackish and less rufous. _Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus_ is the smallest subspecies of _C. castanops_ (see tables 1 and 2). This subspecies is dark and lives at high elevations (5500 ft. to 6800 ft.) in deep valley soils in relatively isolated intermontane valleys and elevated plains. It is differentiated to a much higher degree from adjacent subspecies of _C. castanops_ than is usual in this species, and no intergrades between _subnubilus_ and other subspecies have been taken. In the Sierra Guadalupe, _subnubilus_ was trapped at 6700 feet within twomiles of a place where _subsimus_ was taken at 6500 feet. _Specimens examined._--Total, 31, from: 1 mi. N Agua Nueva, 5500 ft., 1; Domingo Cañon, Sierra Guadalupe, 6700 ft., 11 mi. S and 4 mi. W General Cepeda, 1; Carneros, 6800 ft., 6 (BSC); _1 mi. S Carneros, 6000 ft._, 4; 2 mi. W San Miguel, 5500 ft., 3; 8 mi. N La Ventura, 6000 ft., 10; La Ventura, 5600 ft, 6 (BSC). +Cratogeomys castanops planifrons+ Nelson and Goldman 1934. _Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:146, June 13, type from Miquihuana, 5000 ft., Tamaulipas (listed, by mistake, as southern Nuevo León). _Distribution._--Elevated montane valleys of Sierra Madre Oriental of extreme southeastern Coahuila, south and east into southwestern Nuevo León and Western Tamaulipas (see fig. 1). _Remarks._--Specimens from Coahuila assigned to _planifrons_ compare favorably with topotypes of this subspecies although they are slightly larger in cranial dimensions (see tables 1 and 2). This small subspecies is darker and slightly larger than _subnubilus_ but in other ways is most closely related to _subnubilus_. _Cratogeomys c. planifrons_ shows little relation to other adjacent subspecies, including _tamaulipensis_, _subsimus_ and _rubellus_, all of which are considerably larger and paler. _Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_ is found in both deep and shallow soils of the high, open valleys of the Sierra Madre Oriental; in Coahuila it was taken at elevations as low as 7200 feet and as high as 8700 feet. _Specimens examined._--Total, 50, from: 4 mi. S and 6 mi. E Saltillo, 7500 ft, 7; 7 mi. S and 4 mi. E Bella Union, 7200 ft., 14; _12 mi. W San Antonio de las Alazanas_, 16; _12 mi. S and 2 mi. E Arteaga, 7500 ft._, 11; 2 mi. E and 2 mi. N San Antonio de las Alazanas, 8700 ft, 2. _Transmitted August 23, 1954._ 25-5679 * * * * * Transcriber's Notes: Emphasis Notation: _text_ - italicized +text+ - bold ~text~ - small caps Possible Typos Corrected Aquanaval => Aguanaval *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE POCKET GOPHER, CRATOGEOMYS CASTANOPS, IN COAHUILA, MÉXICO *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. 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