The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Stiptick For A Bleeding Nation, by Unknown Author.

The lively Instance of late, proves to us the Ruin those Evils carry with them: And is there not one good Man, that dares to stem the Tide that is come in upon us, and save us from being drown'd?

Is there not one Man that has Honesty, Interest or Ability, to put in Practice what is so necessary to preserve their Country?

Let us shake off then those plaguy Sores that corrupt our Vitals; and if we intend to be a Happy and Flourishing People, we must promote Piety, which admits of no Corruption; Honesty, that listens to no Temptation; Sincerity, which never deceives his Neighbour; Sobriety is the Way to Honour, and Industry brings Riches, which Frugality preserves: He therefore that desires to be truly Great, must possess these Virtues, and prefer Publick to Private Interest.

What is the Reason that all Inferior Places of Profit and Trust are bought and sold, and true Merit wants its Reward? Is it not because the Devil, when bought, will be sold?

Are not our Exports of Bullion so great, that, as fast as it arrives, it goes away? Which the Publick Entries every Week demonstrate. And were it not for the daily Supplies from Portugal, we should have [Pg 3] nothing but our own Specie to answer all Demands.

It is obvious, that One Single Corporation has put us into this Confusion: And will the Government again trust to that, or any other? I should not desire a Friend of mind to be the Adviser.

Can all the Corporations in London, put together, be so well depended upon, as the Exchequer; which is supported by the Government, who are able and willing to make good all their own Contracts, but are not answerable for the Losses of any Corporation; all being oblig'd to sit down and be content with their own?

Can any Corporation desire more, than that the Government compel their own Members, and their Estates, to make good to answer for their Mismanagement?

Separate then the Standers-by from the Gamesters, and let the Unconcern'd declare their Opinion, Whether, in all Corporations, the Directors have not an unknown Advantage over all the other Members? Is it so in the Exchequer?

Tell me then, why a Hundred Pound in a Corporation, is more valuable than a Hundred in the Exchequer? Is it not because you can part with your Property with much more Ease by way of Transfer in London? Which is not practis'd at the Exchequer: [Pg 4] Besides, the Transferring is near at Hand.

The Directors of any Corporation, if not truly honest, may impose at all Times upon the rest of the Proprietors, by making a Dividend above the intrinsick Value of the Nett Produce of Profit; and the Legislature would do well to provide against such Practices for the future.

If due Encouragement was given for the Importation of Iron, Hemp, Pitch and Tar, from our own Plantations, the Export of a great deal of our Bullion would be sav'd, our Colonies encourag'd, and we should be then able to supply the Dutch, French, Spaniard, Italian and Portugueze with Iron, and bring in Two Hundred Thousand Pounds per Ann. Balance of Trade.

If the South-Sea Company would trade to our own Islands, viz. the Bahama, and to Carolina; that Trade alone would bring them in Five Hundred Thousand Pounds per Ann. and with a small Expence, if well manag'd.

PROPOSAL

To Restore Publick Credit, and Pay
the Nation's Debts.

[Pg 7]The Government is only to pay Ten per Cent. for the Sum of Twenty Three Millions, Thirty Thousand, Four Hundred Twenty Five Pounds. The South-Sea Company being in Statu quo, are to receive an Interest as the Act directed before the last Settlement.

The other Moiety will enable the Government to make good the Deficiency (if any) to the South-Sea Company, to forgive them the Seven Millions, Five Hundred Thousand Pounds, pay the Interest due from the Government and clear a great Part of the Principal Debt.

The Scheme, as before-mention'd, will restore our Credit, and pay Part of our Debt; but if we intend to pay the Remainder, we must endeavour to be at a Par with our Neighbours in Trade: And if they outdo us in Policy therein, and we do not strive to follow their Methods, we must expect in the End to be the Losers, and never to have a Balance.

We ought to consult those Methods that will increase our Exports, and lessen the Importation of such Goods as takes away our Bullion, and prevent our Coin from being exported, in the best Manner we can.

Now, Sir, you having consider'd the Proposal, and what has been previously maintain'd give me Leave to ask you a few Questions: Viz.

[Pg 8]1. Whether the Corporation of the South-Sea Company, if they could be sure that the Government would forgive them the Debt of Seven Millions, Five Hundred Thousand Pounds, and put them in Statu quo, (that is, in the Condition they were in when Stock was at One Hundred Twenty Five) would not they readily embrace the Offer?

2. Whether either the South-Sea Company, the Bank of England, or the East-India Company, desire the Ingraftment propos'd by Parliament?

3. Whether a more equal Distribution of Loss can be made, to please all Parties, especially the major Part; or who will be the greatest Loser by the Proposal herein mention'd?

One great Calamity is the Loss of Paper Credit, on which our Trade chiefly depended: We find already a great Decay, which will soon be more apparent. We have indeed at present too little Cash, and too little Credit, to support Trade; and if we do not take other Methods than what has been yet practis'd, it will be entirely lost.

It is the Prudence of a Government, to establish Credit on the most solid Foundation; [Pg 9] and what can be so solid as a Parliamentary Security? Will the Government be trusted with any future Loans, if their Debts are settled upon a precarious Bottom? And are Corporation-Pillars a good Foundation?

The Method already propos'd, is seemingly calculated for the Service of Stock-Jobbing, and a Parcel of I know not who, (Sharpers,) to reap the Benefit of it: And if so, the Nation will be utterly ruin'd. For God's Sake, then, let us not run any more Hazards, but prudently take such Measures as are most safe and advantageous.

If the Government will forgive the South-Sea Company the Debt of Seven Millions, Five Hundred Thousand Pounds, and put them in Statu quo; they ought to sit down contented, and be easy and thankful.

If the present Scheme gives the Subscribers but Twenty Five Pounds Capital Stock for a Hundred, and the Government will give such Subscribers Fifty Pounds for a Hundred, I hope they will have no Reason to complain.

For should the Subscriptions be ty'd down to Four Hundred, Thousands of Families will be ruin'd.

[Pg 10] If we consider the Debt we owe to Foreigners, and how they, on the Advance of Stocks, drain us of our Money; we shall find it very dangerous to suffer Stocks to be sold above the intrinsick Value.

If Common Interest be reduc'd to Four per Cent. as was intended; what Proprietor can say he shall be a Loser? Setting aside the Subscriptions and Stock, bought and sold at extravagant Prices; which is impossible to redress, without making a far greater Number of Sufferers.

Will the Proposal of Tying down the Subscribers at Four Hundred, give a greater Interest than Ten per Cent. for the Capital? And what will the Capital be, when paid off? Will that be more than Twenty Five Pounds for a Hundred? Does not this Proposal give Fifty Pounds for One Hundred, with a double Advantage to all; and at the same Time pays a great Part of our Debt, and settles our Credit on a solid Foundation?

A Nation cannot flourish without Virtue; nor Virtue without good Conscience. Sudden Ways of growing rich, must be ruinous to the Publick: There are of late those who have too suddenly got vast Estates, and others as soon stripp'd of great Fortunes.

[Pg 11] Industry is therefore the true natural Way to Wealth, as Idleness is to Poverty. Riches cannot be honestly got without Industry, therefore it ought to be encourag'd, and all idle Persons made to work; and such as will not work, ought to be serv'd as they are in Holland, that is, exercis'd with the Pump.

Has not the easy Way of getting Money prevented the South-Sea Company from Carrying on their Trade, and the Fishery, that Noble and Profitable Branch; which if they would heartily set their Shoulders to, they might increase their Stock a Hundred per Cent. and not set it above its intrinsick Value? And our Poor being very numerous, all of 'em may be provided for that way.

Our Trade has decay'd ever since we have promoted Stock-Jobbing, that easy Way of getting Money: Our Manufactories have diminish'd; which have increas'd our Poor, and lessen'd our Imports and Exports; and the King, in Time, will lose his Customs.

I shall offer some few Heads, necessary to promote Trade, and to put us in a Way speedily to pay our Debts, and prevent Stock-Jobbing, or else Trade can never flourish.

[Pg 12] We must Recoin our Money, and make the Agio so large, as will prevent its being exported; and thereby hinder the East-India Company from purchasing Bullion in Holland: For if they are suffer'd to buy Bullion there, we had better by the Half give them free Liberty to export our Coin, unless the Exchange is Eight per Cent. in our Favour, (which is now so much to the contrary) we shall at all Times be Losers. By which it appears, how great Losers we are at present, by not making our Coin of a Value, as it may be exported without Damage to the Nation.

Our Government may have Bullion in Plenty, if they will be the Merchant for that Commodity, and give but a small Matter more for it than our Neighbours; which we may very well afford to do, if we settle a like Agio.

One great Help to Trade in the Nation, would be to have Sixpences (nay, even Shillings) coined with a much greater Allay than our present Coin; as also Groats, Three-pences, and Twopenny Pieces: The Government would receive such a Benefit thereby, as cannot be well here express'd. And I dare answer to find a Method, with fine Copper so intermix'd with Silver, that [Pg 13] it shall not be worth any Person's Time, Trouble and Hazard, to counterfeit it.

Our Silver being coined with so great an Allay as will prevent its being exported, will in a short Time cause a Currency of Cash: The Gentry will not hoard it; whereby Traders will be better paid, and our Manufactures encourag'd, and carry'd on to a greater Degree.

I remember when there was a great deal of Clipt and Counterfeit Money, and very Plenty of both, that every one that had either a Counterfeit Piece, or Money that was cut very small, always studied what to buy with it, that they might pass the one away, or part with the other.

The Difference to the East-India Company, in buying Bullion, or Pieces of Eight, in Holland, is Seven or Eight per Cent. more than what it stands them in when they can be supply'd with it at Home; and if they were prohibited the Exportation of Bullion from Foreign Countries, and suffer'd to export our own Coin, or such Ingots as shall have the Tower-Mark, our Government would have the Advantage which the Dutch now gain, and no Loss to the East-India Company. For it will be then equally the same to them, whether they export it from hence, or from Holland, to India.

[Pg 14] There is no other Way of preventing our Bullion and Silver being carry'd out of the Land, but by the Prohibition of the one, by paying a Difference to the Government; viz. such a Difference as comes pretty near to what is lost by Remittances; and suffering the other (viz. our Crowns and Half-Crown Pieces, coin'd with a proportionable Allay) to be exported. All which would help to pay off the Nation's Debts, and make us a Flourishing People.

Our Half-Crowns and Crowns being recoined to such a Standard, I say, would be of equal Advantage to the East-India Company, whether they exported Bullion or Pieces of Eight, from hence or from Holland: For by the Bank of Holland, or rather Amsterdam, all Exchanges are chiefly govern'd; and as the Hollanders are the nearest concern'd with us in Trade, so by them we are to regulate and proportion the Difference between our Bank-Money and our Current Cash.

The Bank of England is establish'd upon the Standard of our present Coin: Let it so remain, till the Government sees fit to alter, or pay them off; and let Bills of Exchange be paid in Banco, or, if they so [Pg 15] please, in Current Cash; the Difference or Agio to be allow'd in like manner as they do in Holland.

There has been a considerable Profit made, by Melting down and Exporting our own Coin; and there will always be those that will do it, tho' punish'd with Death, as in Portugal. And where there is a great Loss in Melting down, or Exporting the Current Coin, tho' there is no Penalty, the Money will be preserv'd; as in Holland.

Let the Merchant have a Profit in carrying Gold and Silver to the Mint to be coined, or there will little or none go there: But if the Merchant finds a Profit (tho' small) in the Coinage, there will be great Quantities coined.

That they who act with the greatest Prudence and Honour, and have most Money, will always have most Credit; this needs no Proof.

While our Money, which is the Blood of the Body Politick, is suffer'd to run out, and there is no Supply, all Projects for restoring Credit, and keeping up the Spirits of the People, will prove abortive. Trade, and the Noblest Undertakings for Employing the Poor, must be at a full Stop, if Money be wanting to carry them on.

[Pg 16] 'Tis certain, that until we have a greater Plenty of Money, Trade and all other Business must be assisted with Paper Credit; and if it does not receive Voluntary Credit, it will never be made by Force. And if our Affairs are rightly managed, our Estates are doubled, and secur'd; if not, the best Estates will soon be worth nothing.

That Paper Credit may have an immediate Currency, it is necessary for the Exchequer to issue out as many Notes as they shall be able to circulate, with a Tax of a Guinea on every Transfer; the one Half to be paid by the Buyer, and the other by the Seller.

That those Bills be to discharge the Debts due and owing by the Government: And that the said Bills be circulated in London.

Some make a mighty Noise, that if our Coin be raised, Foreigners will not take it. I answer, For that Reason we ought to raise it. If we are to pay Foreigners any Thing upon the Balance of an Accompt, we ought to pay them as near as we can in their own Coin.

That no Person (under severe Penalty) presume to raise the Price of any Thing, on Account of the Alteration of the Coin; [Pg 17] otherwise the Name is only alter'd, and not the Value of our Coin: There being as much Reason for the Parliament to put a Value thereon, as for a Goldsmith to do it on wrought Plate.

But the first Care to be taken, is, How the Nation may prevent any Advance in South-Sea Stock above what it was before; so that Foreigners concern'd may not receive a greater Principal than a Hundred Pound, and Five per Cent. as they did before this unhappy Ingraftment: For the Stock, by the said Ingraftment, will be of such a Magnitude, that a Hundred per Cent. Advance will, in all Probability, give the Strangers such a Capital, as will amount to more than the whole Cash of the Kingdom.

The Foreigners have taken an Alarm since our late unhappy Mismanagement; and are only waiting for some New Project, to sell out, and strip us entirely: So that if we will consider our own Preservation, we must rather depretiate our Stocks, than seek Means to augment them.

It is a receiv'd Maxim, Salus Populi Suprema Lex esto: This I take to be meant of the whole Body, not of some Parts of the People. And tho' Thousands may suffer, yet it is a receiv'd Rule, That the [Pg 18] Whole is first to be consider'd, when it comes in Competition with any Parts.

Therefore, in our present Case, the Whole is to be consider'd; and the Preservation of that, is to weigh down against all the Hardships that may happen to Particulars.

Now, if this Maxim stands good, it is the Obligation of every true Lover of his Country, to have that in View; and not, from a Regard to Particulars, run the Hazard of sacrificing the Whole. Their Misfortunes ought to have no Weight, nor any Contrivance to ease them, prevail, in Balance with our Country.

Our late Project, if it could have been held up, would have created such a Luxury, that that very Thing alone would have undone the Nation, and would have sunk us; tho' not with such a Rapidity, as the Way which we have now in some measure escap'd.

The Matter standing in this Light, the only View is the Benefit of our Country.

The Body Politick is very weak, and requires an honest and able Physician; and where to find him, is the only Thing in Question.

[Pg 19] Let us consider, whether this design'd Ingraftment of Nine Millions into the Bank, and Nine Millions into the East-India Company, will prove any real Benefit to the Nation as a Nation? No surely, that cannot be pretended; but only, that they making greater Dividends, may be of Service to Individuals; and yet that is much to be doubted.

For as to the Bank, the Capital was too big before to render any great Advance: And had it not been for a new Practice, first begun by the South-Sea Company, of Lending Money on their Stock; had it not been, I say, for their imitating (tho' with Caution) that infamous Practice, their Dividends would have been reduc'd to Seven per Cent. or under.

And for the East-India Company, their Trade is so far extended, especially at this Juncture, when they are forc'd to over-trade themselves, in order to ruin the Ostenders, that it's look'd on already as a Grievance: And yet by adding Nine Millions, they must divide Four Hundred and Fifty Thousand Pounds Profit more than before. And notwithstanding their Trade (as I said before) was then a Grievance; to what an Extension must it be driven now, to divide such a Profit; when hitherto [Pg 20] they never divided above One Hundred and Sixty Thousand Pounds a Year Profit?

But will it not be a Second Injustice to the Annuitants, after so great a Diminution of their Estates, to have Two Thirds of it ingrafted on a precarious Bottom? All Stocks having been suffer'd to divide above the Value of the Nett Produce of their Capital; a sure Way to distress Trade: Especially when Corporations are suffer'd to issue out Bonds, without Trading with the Money, but purely to advance their Stock.

The Two Ingraftments are brought in, in order to help the Proprietors, by Advantages of Dividends, to a greater Income than the Stock could make, if retain'd in the South-Sea; and so to raise the Nominal Price of Stock. Whether it will do the former, is a Doubt; but if so, the Stock had better been kept where it was; and if the latter, it will be only a New Bubble, to ruin us.

Neither the Bank, nor the East-India Company, seem fond of the Project of this Ingraftment; and nothing can be argued, but that Something must be done, at least to amuse People with vain Hopes: Whereas, the true Interest of our Country would have been, to have laid the Wound open to every one's View; to have shewn the [Pg 21] World, what Dividend could be made out of the Interest, and what they might expect. Then Foreigners would have sat still; for they could no where else make Five per Cent. of One Hundred Pounds; and their Money have remain'd here.

But if we come to make Dividends of Twelve per Cent. and by that means advance the Stock to Three Hundred; then those Strangers that had Four Millions Capital, and receiv'd Two Hundred Thousand Pounds per Ann. will have Four Hundred and Eighty Thousand Pounds per Annum, and have a Demand of Twelve Millions on you; which will entirely finish what the late South-Sea Directors so gloriously began.

Is this a Time to endeavour at new Projects, when the Nation is at so low an Ebb; and when the World is ready, on the least Opportunity given, to put to the Finishing Stroke?

It is a certain Topick, That every Relief in the Case of the South-Sea Company, will be thought an Injustice to some, who cannot be reliev'd but at the Expence of others. That Way therefore must be taken, that is most Safe and Equal.

By what has been said, you will easily judge, how little the poor Sufferers are [Pg 22] like to expect from this New Project; and that if the Success attend it that some People hope, it must be the Ruin of the Nation.

You likewise see the Danger there is in Advancing of Stocks above their Original Capital; and how necessary it is to restrain Corporations from Dividing more than what their Original Stock will fairly produce; and that such Practices are destructive to the Commonwealth of this Nation.

Ought not then the Legislature to enter upon speedy Measures, and such as may prevent any Evil Consequence that may happen?

Our Main Business, therefore, is, how to find out Methods to extend our Trade; for Projects, and United Companies, are only contriv'd to enrich a few.

We have within our selves, and in America, an inexhaustible Fund to supply our selves, and perhaps Europe, with what we are now beholden to Foreigners for, and that at the Expence of our Silver and Gold; and yet either our Negligence, or private Views, make us sit still. But otherwise,

What prodigious Advantage would it be to the Nation, to have a Supply from our [Pg 23] own Colonies with those Naval Stores, which we have now from Denmark, Sueden and Muscovy; and to save the Expence of so much Money as those Trades cost us, and no longer to be at the Mercy of any Foreign Prince? And could we gain a Balance of Trade, we may hope to retrieve our selves from all the Difficulties we seem to labour under. But at present, we have not the Balance with any one Nation, except Portugal.

Now if this be the Case, it cannot be thought that an Over-Balance there, can answer the Balance that all Europe has against us.

But Luxury in the Use of Foreign Importations being discourag'd, we may reasonably expect to have a Flourishing Trade, which will bring Mines of Gold and Silver into our Coffers; all other Arts and Schemes having no Foundation, and nothing but Destruction.

That Foreigners take the Advantage of us, by the Rising and Falling of our Stocks; nor can the Evil be remedied, but by fixing them down at a certain Price that they shall be bought or sold; viz. Bank-Stock at One Hundred and Twenty Five per Cent. And for that Sum, the said Corporation may divide Common Interest, but never more.

[Pg 24] That the Surplus of Profit be, to make good the Value of One Hundred and Twenty Five Pounds, at the Time the said Bank shall be paid off by the Government.

India Stock at One Hundred and Twenty Five per Cent. And that Corporation never to divide more than Common Interest for that Sum: The Remainder of Profits accruing by that Trade be, for the better Maintenance of their Factories, and the Extending of their Trade in India.

South-Sea Stock at One Hundred and Twenty Five per Cent. (if the said Corporation be put in Statu quo) that the said Corporation may never divide more than Common Interest: The Remainder to carry on a Trade to such Parts and Places, as shall be thought most advisable, and to establish Colonies for the Good of the Kingdom in general. Or otherwise, Trade and Industry will be discourag'd, and Luxury and Idleness be our Ruin.

The Hollanders are more Political in Trade than we; and they being so near us, and we having with each other so great a Trade, and they so largely in our Stocks, that unless we have an Agio settled, as they have, (that is, that there be a Difference between the Current Cash and the [Pg 25] Bank-Money) we shall never preserve our Coin. Nor will Trade ever flourish, or Credit revive, unless a Liberty be given to all Bodies Corporate and Collective to Transfer as usual.

As the Eyes of all are upon the Parliament of Great Britain, greedily expecting a speedy Settlement of South-Sea Stock; how easy is it, and how securely may the House of Commons pass a Vote, That the Losses of the South-Sea Company shall be made good? For at present the Stock is precarious.

And the same may be said, in some Measure, both of the East-India Company, and the Bank: Which strengthens the Reasons against the Government's trusting any more to Corporation Credit.

That Trade cannot easily extend it self in this Kingdom, unless all Corporations are ty'd down from Dividing (I say) more than Common Interest. Persons will never go on to encourage Trade, so long as a Profit can be made by the frequent Rise and Fall of Stocks, the Bane of all Industry.

That unless, I say, a Liberty be given to all Bodies Corporate or Collective, to raise Money to carry on and extend the Trade of this Kingdom, can it be thought that [Pg 26] Trade will ever increase? And without Liberty be given to all Bodies Corporate and Collective, to have a Book, wherein every Person may transfer their Properties, such Bodies will be never able to raise Money to carry on a Trade, or extend it.

Before I conclude, I shall enlarge a little concerning the Poor of our Country; who will never be brought to Labour, so long as they are maintain'd by the Parish, and suffer'd to beg about the Country, or in the Streets.

If proper Places were provided, on Navigable Rivers, where Land is reasonable; with good Management, and by the Improvement of those Lands, the Expence of our Poor would not be so great by the one Tenth Part of what it is, and what we now pay towards their Relief. And by such a prudent Management, what an inestimable Benefit would it be to this Nation; not only by easing the Subject from that heavy Burthen or Tax to the Poor, but by the many other Advantages that thereby the Publick will receive, besides the many Hands that may be employ'd to Profit, more than what is necessary to be appointed for their own and their Maintenance?

[Pg 27] Such an Advantage would it be to the Nation, as would be better to us than the Mines of Peru and Mexico to the Spanish Monarchy. It would introduce Industry, reduce Idleness and Luxury; encourage and promote the Trade of the Kingdom, increase our Exports, and lessen our Imports; by providing of Hands useful in making all Sorts of Utensils, for Army and Navy, Soldiers and Sailors, that, when their Country have no Service for them, they may return to their Livelihood they were bred to, and by their honest Industry find a Maintenance.

F I N I S.

Transcriber's Notes:

Obsolete spellings of words (e.g., publick, intrinsick, nett, Portugueze, allay, accompt, depretiate, etc.) have been retained; long s has been transcribed as modern round s.

On page 7, "maintain d" was replaced with "maintain'd".

On page 8, "Ingraffment" was replaced with "Ingraftment", to make it consistent with other usage in the document.

On page 12, "Twopeny" was replaced with "Twopenny".

On page 26, "Bodies Corporat" was replaced with "Bodies Corporate".

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A STIPTICK FOR A BLEEDING NATION ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”
• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.
• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

Nation Debtor.
To South-Sea Company,	11,746,384
To Money-Subscribers,	20,004,000
To Redeemable Debts,	13,886,486
To Unredeemable Debts,	12,070,343
To Interest,	__________

Nation Creditor.
By a Moiety of the Money-Subscribers,	10,002,000
By Ditto Redeemable Debts,	6,993,247
By Ditto Unredeemable Debts,	6,035,178
	__________
	23,030,425