| Author |
Kropotkin, Petr Alekseevich, kniaz, 1842-1921 |
| Title |
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
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| Note |
Reading ease score: 51.9 (10th to 12th grade). Somewhat difficult to read.
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| Credits |
Produced by Charles Aldarondo
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| Summary |
"Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution" by P. Kropotkin is a scientific publication written in the late 19th to early 20th century. In this work, Kropotkin challenges the prevailing Darwinian notion of the "struggle for existence" as the primary factor driving evolution, instead proposing that mutual aid and cooperation among species play a more crucial role in survival and evolution. The opening of the book presents Kropotkin's observations during his travels in Eastern Siberia and Northern Manchuria, where he noted the harsh conditions of nature and the consequent scarcity of animal life. He contrasts this with the numerous instances of cooperation and mutual aid among species, which he believes are essential for survival in the face of dire environmental challenges. Kropotkin sets the stage for further discussions on various species of animals—pointing out how they work together for mutual benefit, thereby laying a foundation for his thesis that cooperation, rather than competition, is a fundamental law of nature and a significant factor in the evolutionary process. (This is an automatically generated summary.)
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| Language |
English |
| LoC Class |
HM: Social sciences: Sociology
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| Subject |
Cooperation
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| Subject |
Social groups
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| Subject |
Social institutions
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| Category |
Text |
| EBook-No. |
4341 |
| Release Date |
Aug 1, 2003 |
| Most Recently Updated |
Nov 15, 2014 |
| Copyright Status |
Public domain in the USA. |
| Downloads |
280 downloads in the last 30 days. |
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