105

WEATHER
CROPS ^AND MARKETS

Published Weekly by the

United States Department of Agriculture

CERTIFICATE: By direction of the Secretary of Agriculture the matter contained herein is published as statistical information and is required for the proper transaction of the public business. Free distribution is limited to copies “necessary in the transaction of public business required by law.” Subscription price $1 per year (foreign rate $2) payable in cash or money order to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

Washington, D. C.	AUGUST 5, 1922.	Vol. 2, No. 6

A demand for American butter by English buyers had a materially strengthening effect on the early summer market in the United States. This generally unexpected export demand has called forth various explanations in the attempt to determine the probability of continued demand from that source.

An analysis of the international butter trade of the past 10 years indicates that a change not yet generally realized has taken place in the seasonal trend of imports of butter into the United Kingdom, which largely accounts for this demand in anticipation of an autumn shortage. This change is due to the shift that took place during the war in the sources of supply of that greatest of all butter-importing countries.

SUPPLY WAS UNIFORM.

Prior to the war the United Kingdom obtained its butter supply from such widely scattered sources in both the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres that the supply was remarkably uniform from month to month throughout the year. During the war, when supplies available from continental Europe and Russia were reduced, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina were encouraged to expand their dairy industry, and have together since that time continued as the most important sources of supply of butter on the British markets.

As the flush of production in Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina occurs during the fall and winter months when production is lightest in North America and Europe, England now receives an average of two-thirds of the total supply of foreign butter during the winter and spring, whereas formerly but one-half was received during this period.

Although consumption does not necessarily follow the same seasonal trend as the imports, it is a fact, according to reports of London dealers, that butter stocks are now lower than at the same time last year, when at least 50,000,000 lbs. of Government stocks still remained unsold in England. With comparatively light stocks and the certainty that imports into England after July can not be as heavy as during the first six months, a speculative demand has been stimulated in that country in anticipation of an expected autumn shortage.

Although butter production since the war has recovered rapidly in practically all of the important dairy countries, Russia is still out of the world’s market. The cutting off of the Russian exports to England, which amounted to 150,000,000 lbs. annually from 1909 to 1913, was the greatest single factor in bringing about, this change in the seasonal supply of the latter country.

The present statistical position of the United States is, therefore, somewhat misleading, unless due consideration is given to

The condition of the cotton crop on July 25 was 70.8% of normal, according to the estimate made by the U. S. Department of Agriculture on Aug. 1. Compared with the condition of 71.2% on June 25, this shows a decrease in condition of 0.4% for the month. The average condition of the cotton crop on July 25 for the past 10 years stands at 73% of normal.

A condition of 70.8% of normal on July 25 this year forecasts a yield per acre of about 157.2 lbs. and a total production of about 11,449,000 bales of 500 lbs. gross weight each. The final outturn may be larger or smaller than this amount, of course, depending upon whether or not the conditions that develop during the remainder of the season prove more or less favorable to the crop than such conditions ordinarily prove.

Last year the production was 7,953,641 bales, two years ago 13,439,603 bales, three 106years ago 11,420,763 bales, four years ago 12,040,532 bales, and five years ago 11,302,375 bales.

The 1922 acreage of Egyptian type cotton is estimated at 80,000 acres in Arizona and less than 1,000 acres in California. In 1921 Arizona had 75,000 acres and California 9,000 acres, while in 1920 the estimate for Arizona was 200,000 acres and for California 45,000 acres.

The department’s estimate of cotton acreage in cultivation on June 25, which was made public on July 3, remains unchanged at 34,852,000 acres because the acreage abandoned before that date was excluded. A great decrease in cotton acreage followed the high acreage of 1920, which was 37,043,000 acres, because of the disastrous break in prices to growers in that year.

The accompanying table gives detailed information on the condition of the cotton crop on July 25, by States, together with comparisons.

Paradox in Forecast Yield of Crop per Acre as Indicated by Condition.

A crop may deteriorate in condition during a growing month and yet its yield per acre as forecast by a computation based on the lowered condition may increase. In the average of crop experiences during the growing period a certain crop declines in condition during a certain month by a certain percentage of a normal condition.

For instance, the cotton crop has a record of a deterioration of 3.9% of a normal condition from June 25 to July 25 in the average of the last 10 years. As a matter of fact, however, during this period in 1922 the deterioration in the condition of the cotton crop was only 0.4%. This is clearly a relative improvement because it is less than the usual deterioration of 3.9%. Hence the yield per acre in the forecast for July 25 must be greater than in the forecast made a month earlier, notwithstanding the absolute decline in condition.

Apple-tree tent caterpillars are very numerous in New England and New York this year. Farther south these pests are noticeably less numerous than usual.

Report on Cabbage, Celery, and Onions in Michigan.

Reports from the field service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for the date of July 25 concerning commercial cabbage, celery, and onions in Michigan contain the following information:

Cabbage.—Five counties in southern Michigan have about 1,285 acres of commercial cabbage compared with last year’s area of 590 acres, or an increase of 118%. The counties and their cabbage areas are: Ingham 160 acres, Eaton 225 acres, Jackson 67 acres, Hillsdale 233 acres, and Branch 600 acres. The principal increases over 1921 are in Hillsdale and Branch Counties. The crop is generally in excellent condition.

In Hillsdale County, Jonesville has 200 acres, of which 130 acres are under contract; Mosherville has 13 acres for kraut; and Litchfield has 20 acres. In Branch County, Quincy has approximately 250 acres of commercial cabbage, of which 170 acres are under contract: and Coldwater has about 350 acres, with 60% under contract. The kraut plant in Coldwater will be in operation this year. Baroda, in Berrien County, has 60 acres of cabbage and Niles, in the same county, 40 acres for kraut.

In northern Michigan, Saginaw County has 1,400 acres of commercial cabbage, 300 acres of which are under contract.

Celery.—The combined area of commercial celery in Lenawee, Cass, Allegan, and Kent counties is 1,005 acres, an increase of 450 acres over 1921. Lenawee County has 117 acres, Cass 118 acres, Allegan 170 acres, and Kent 600 acres. The crop is in excellent condition.

Onions.—Allegan County has about 603 acres of commercial onions, or 88% more than in 1921. The Gull Swamp section (Martin, Gull Plain, Shelbyville, Hooper) has approximately 550 acres. Other acreages are: Wayland 8 acres, Dorr 25 acres, Herps 20 acres. The condition of the crop in Allegan County is above average. Kent County has an onion acreage about the same as last year’s.

Florida watermelons were widely distributed this season. Some shipments went as far as San Francisco, Portland, Seattle, Vancouver, B. C., and other Canadian points.

CONDITION OF THE COTTON CROP, JULY 25, 1922

INTERMEDIATE ONION CROP ESTIMATED AT 6,753 CARS
Early and Intermediate Crops Forecast at 13,605 Cars—Acreage Increased in Late States.

The production of commercial onions in the seven intermediate shipping States is forecast at 6,753 cars of 500 bus. each, compared with a production in 1921 of 4,472 cars, according to estimates of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for July 15. These intermediate States are: New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Iowa, Texas, and Washington.

New Jersey leads the intermediate States with an indicated production of 1.613 cars, and following in order are Washington with 1,566 cars, Texas with 1,092 cars, Iowa with 1,062 cars, Kentucky with 600 cars, Virginia, with 560 cars, and Maryland with 260 cars.

The commercial onion crop in the intermediate and early States combined is forecast at 13,605 cars, each car of the early crop containing 530 bus. and of the intermediate crop 500 bus. In 1921 the harvest of early and intermediate onions totaled 10,287 cars.

About 38,000 acres have been planted to late commercial onions, compared with about 35,000 acres in 1921, according to the department’s estimates. The condition of the late commercial onion crop was 83% of normal on July 15. This condition is about average.

The accompanying tables give detailed information, by States, on the early and intermediate crops and the late crop.

107

Practically all classes of live stock sold lower during the week ending July 29. In beef steer trade the general decline was assisted materially by the heaviest run of native, western, and Canadian grassers of the season. Downturns of mostly 25¢ at Chicago and of 50¢-$l at some Missouri River markets were apparent on the more common descriptions. As supplies of western grassers increased, the supply of long-fed bullocks decreased and as the latter were sought by all interests, the widest price range of the season on beef steers was created at all markets.

Hog prices fluctuated sharply, closing Chicago values being 25¢‒50¢ lower on mixed grades and heavy packers, and 40¢‒55¢ on good butcher hogs compared with the close of the previous week. Much of the supply at Omaha and a good percentage of the run at Chicago and some other markets consisted of heavy sows and mixed packing grades, and these pulled the general average down to the lowest levels since early in February.

SHEEP TRADE ERRATIC.

Trade in fat sheep and feeding lambs was erratic, with closing prices highest of the week but showing an irregular basis compared with the previous week’s close.

Receipts at 10 large markets for the week were approximately 199,000 cattle, 502,000 hogs and 195,000 sheep, compared with 215,357 cattle, 452,902 hogs, and 244,517 sheep the previous week, and 166,112 cattle, 398,424 hogs, and 199,137 sheep the corresponding week last year.

Cattle.—Receipts of grassers from native territory, range States, and Canada, assumed the largest proportions of the season. Short-feds also were numerous, and long-fed matured beef steers and yearlings correspondingly scarce. Canadians were unusually numerous at St. Paul and Chicago for so early in the season, the July supply at the former market up to July 27 standing at 5,800 as compared with 988 for the corresponding period a year ago. The collapse of cattle values in Canadian provinces was an incentive for shipping across the border.

Canadians and Dakotas were generally in poor flesh and turned at $4.75‒$6.50, killers taking a few at the latter price. Oklahoma and Texas grass steers invaded Kansas City and St. Louis in liberal numbers, and sold largely within a spread of $4.25‒$7, many quarantine steers, grading as cutters, selling around $4.25‒$4.75. Kansas pasture cattle were well represented at Kansas City, and winter grass steers of good weight and condition sold there upward to $8.75 or slightly higher. A few lots of Utah and California steers arrived at Omaha. Bulk of grass steers sold there at $6‒$7.25, a large proportion of the far western steers being in feeder flesh. One lot of Montana steers showing breeding quality and good killing flesh brought $8.75 at that market from a producer. This lot met good packer competition, and the relatively high sale price indicated the plainness of the early run of grassers in general.

Long-fed matured bullocks, averaging 1,443 lbs. reached $10.80 at Chicago and best long yearlings topped at $10.50, the premium of heavy steers over yearlings continuing in evidence. Sales above $10.25 were comparatively scarce, bulk of beef steers at Chicago being of quality and flesh to sell at $8.50‒$10. At that point few bullocks that had received even a sparse corn ration on grass sold under $8, but common native and western grassers cashed well below that figure.

PRODUCERS IN MARKET.

The influx of westerns augmented the stocker and feeder supply and producers took more notice of their pasture and feed lot needs than recently, insisting, however, on lower prices except on kinds of high quality. A spread of $5.50‒$6.50 absorbed the majority of stockers and light feeders at Chicago, a few heavy feeders reaching $7.50, while good feeders commanded $7.25‒$7.75 at Kansas City, most of the desirable stockers bringing $6.50‒$7 at that market. Common light stock steers descended to $4.50 and lower in instances there and at St. Louis.

She stock offerings were comparatively scarce, and flesh condition for the most part was plain to medium. Highly finished kosher cows maintained $8‒$8.50 levels and above at Chicago, corn-fed yearling heifers selling in line with steers of a similar finish. In-between grades of beef cows and heifers lacked dependable outlet, generous runs of low grade grass steers at river markets being a weakening influence. Bulk of fat cows and heifers at Chicago brought $5‒$7.25. Canners displayed strength, few healthy descriptions selling there below $3.

Bulls closed largely 25¢ lower; desirable heavy bolognas cashed upward to $4.75‒$4.85 early at Chicago, but descended to around $4.50, heavy beef bulls sharing the decline. Reduced arrivals of veal calves at Chicago somewhat counteracted the effect of slump conditions in the dressed market and values advanced 25¢‒50¢, packers taking desirable vealers at the close at Chicago at $9.50‒$10, these interests as well as small killers paying upward to $10.50 for specialties.

Hogs.—Although receipts at Chicago were moderate, being about the same as in the preceding week, those at western points

MODERATE RECEIPTS OF MOST MEATS IN EXCESS OF DEMAND
Prices Generally Lower on Beef, Veal, Lamb, and Mutton—Heavy Pork Loins Also Lower.

Moderate receipts of beef, veal, lamb, and mutton were in excess of the limited demand and prices were generally lower for the week ending July 28. Heavy pork loins were weak to lower with other classes steady to higher, except at New York, where all averages shared in the decline.

Beef.—Moderate receipts of beef at eastern markets found a limited outlet. Good and choice grades of steers were not plentiful, but were neglected in favor of poorer grades as prices were given more consideration than quality. The demand for chucks and rattles showed some improvement, and prices on these were relatively firmer than on other cuts. Cows were mostly of medium and common grades and were hard to move. At Chicago the assortment of steer beef was good, but prices weakened under a narrow demand. Few desirable cows were available, most of the supply having consisted of the poorer grades.

PRICES UNEVEN AT CLOSE.

Compared with the close of the preceding week. Boston was about steady, New York unevenly 50¢-$3 lower, Philadelphia $1‒$2 lower, and Chicago $1 lower. Cows were weak to $1 lower at Boston, $l-$2 lower at New York and Philadelphia, and 50¢ lower at Chicago. Receipts of bulls were light, and prices closed steady to $1 higher at Boston, steady to $1 lower at New York, and 25¢‒50¢ lower at Chicago, with very few on sale at Philadelphia. Kosher beef trade was slow, and prices closed around $1 lower at New York and unchanged elsewhere.

Veal.—Except at Boston the demand for veal at eastern markets was poor after the early part of the week, and prices declined daily. At that market western dressed receipts and local slaughter were light and demand fair. At Chicago the fairly liberal offerings were too great for the slow demand, and the market had a weak undertone. Compared with the close of the preceding week, Boston was steady to $1 lower. New York $2‒$3 lower, Philadelphia $2‒$4 lower, and Chicago $1 lower.

108Lamb.—The lamb market showed daily declines at eastern markets and Chicago after opening firm to higher on Monday. Receipts were fairly liberal and demand poor. Supplies accumulated, although some lamb was put in the freezers. Compared with the close of the preceding week, Boston and New York were $1‒$3 lower, Philadelphia $2‒$3 lower, and Chicago $1‒$2 lower.

Mutton.—The bulk of the moderate receipts of mutton at eastern markets was undesirable because of weight and excessive finish. Prices were also influenced by the drop in lamb values, and daily declines were the rule. At Chicago offerings consisted largely of heavy ewes and bucks, but prices showed little change. Compared with the close of the preceding week, Boston, New York, and Philadelphia were $2‒$4 lower, with Chicago unchanged.

Pork.—Fresh light loins were seasonally scarce and relatively firmer in price than heavier averages. Receipts of fresh loins were light, but there was an ample supply of the frozen product on sale. Compared with the close of the preceding week, Boston and Philadelphia were steady to $1 higher except on heavy loins, which were weak to $1 lower with some sales off more. New York closed unevenly $2‒$5 lower, and Chicago steady to $1 higher.

Wool Imports at Two Ports.

Imports of wool through the port of Philadelphia during the week ending July 29 amounted to 417,226 lbs., valued at $77,165. Imports through the port of Boston during the same week amounted to 2,774,745 lbs., having a valuation of $878,563, and in addition there was received through the port of Boston 48,776 lbs. of camels’ hair, valued at $11,986 and 244,767 lbs. of mohair having a valuation of $56,581.

New Zealand’s Production of Butter and Cheese for Export Increases.

The production of butter for export in New Zealand during the nine months ending Apr. 30 amounted to 102,637,920 lbs., compared with 71,412,650 lbs. during the corresponding period ending Apr. 30, 1921. The production of cheese for export during the nine months ending Apr. 30, was 133,579,600 lbs., compared with 118,628,490 lbs. for the same period of 1920‒21.

These figures show an increase of 44% in the production of butter and 12.6% in the production of cheese. The above figures relate only to the quantities produced and graded for export and do not include the amounts intended for local consumption.

were considerably heavier. Chicago quality was the best for several weeks, a generous proportion of the supply consisting of good light and medium weight butchers. This, coupled with the narrowest shipping outlet for hogs in weeks, attributed to an extent to unsettled railway labor conditions, was partially responsible for sharp declines, especially on the better grades. Closing prices Were 40¢‒55¢ under those of the week previous on bulk of good lights and butchers and 25¢‒50¢ lower on mixed and packing grades. A slight reaction was noticed toward the week end, with small advances scored on some of the in-between butchers and better packing grades.

Big packers were bearish and very indifferent buyers, even at the sharp decline, leaving liberal holdovers each day. The week’s top at Chicago was $11, secured on early sessions for good lights and light butchers, but best sold at the close at $10.60, and bulk of good lights and light butchers sold at the week end from $10.30‒$10.50. Bulk of good 220 lb.‒300 lb. butchers closed at $9.75‒$10.25. Such shipping orders as were filled called largely for the better grades of mixed packing, good, smooth, light weight sows and these failed to show the extreme decline apparent on other grades.

GOOD PIGS IN DEMAND.

Demand for good pigs at Chicago was broad and such sold readily all week, with bulk of good 100‒130 lb. averages clearing from $9.50‒$10.50. Saturday’s closing values on pigs were around 25¢ lower for the week. Stock pig prices, both at St. Paul and Missouri River markets declined 25¢‒35¢, best strong weights selling at $10.25‒$10.50 at St. Paul and Kansas City, respectively. Several shipments of good quality thin sows went to the country from St. Paul and Chicago for feeding purposes, costing $8‒$9. The trade generally displayed considerable anxiety on account of the railway and coal strikes.

Sheep.—An oversupply of sheep at Jersey City at the week’s opening was the chief factor in further declines in prices following the declines late last week at Chicago and other western markets, but with aggregate slaughter falling considerably short of the week previous, the market made good recovery as the week’s trading progressed. Closing Chicago prices, compared with the week previous, were strong to 25¢ higher on fat native lambs, mostly 50¢ higher on cull natives, steady to 15¢ lower on fat western lambs, 35¢‒50¢ lower on western feeding lambs, generally steady on light sheep and 25¢‒50¢ lower on heavy sheep.

Subsequent to Monday when Jersey City had a full supply, the run of southeastern lambs was light and natives from other sections were in smaller supply than during the preceding week. The market-ward movement of range stock from the Northwest was of fair volume, although hampered to a certain extent by conditions arising from the strike of railway shopmen. Feeder demand was narrow at the week’s opening but declines then enforced attracted buyers subsequently and both fat and feeder lambs closed about 25¢ above the week’s low spot.

At the week end, choice western lambs were safely quotable up to $13 at Chicago, good Oregons, rather lightly sorted, selling up to $12.85, and best natives up to $12.75 straight, with bulk of natives at $12.50$12.60 and native culls mostly at $8‒$8.50. Feeder buyers paid up to $12.50 for light and tidy weight Western feeder lambs, but a number of loads of heavy feeders sold during the week at $11.50‒$11.75. Fat heavy ewes sold downward to $3, a few below $3.50 at the close, while fat light native and Western ewes reached $7‒$7.25. Wethers and yearlings were virtually lacking. There was call for western yearling breeding ewes, with none offered and choice quotable to $11.50. Native yearling ewes were taken on breeder account up to $9.50‒$9.75, twos to fours mixed up to $8‒$8.75, with heavies and less desirable kinds on down to $6 and below, depending on age, weight, and quality.

Opening, July 31.—Beef steers, yearlings, butcher cows, and heifers at Chicago sold actively at strong to 25¢ higher prices, mostly 10¢‒15¢ higher. Eleven loads of matured beef steers averaging 1,283 lbs.‒1,694 lbs. topped at $10.60. Best long yearlings brought $10.50, bulk of beef steers $8.50‒$10.15. Twelve loads of Canadian steers arrived, five loads going to stocker and feeder dealers at $5.75. Stockers and feeders displayed some strength.

Good butcher weight hogs gained 10¢‒15¢ and closed firm at the advance. Top was $10.70 with bulk of desirable butchers at $9.90‒$10.60. Activity of shippers, who absorbed around 10,000 head, lent zest and higher prices to the better grades. Mixed and packing grades opened higher, but lacking good competition closed steady to 150 lower, bulk of packing sows turning at $7.75‒$8.60.

Fat lambs closed weak to 15¢ lower after a steady to strong start. Natives and westerns topped at $12.75, bulk of the natives bringing $12.25‒$12.60 and bulk of the rangers $12.65. Feeding lambs at $12.35 downward were lower. Sheep held firm. Choice handy Montana ewes reached $7.50.

New Publications Issued.

The following publications were issued by the U. S. Department of Agriculture during the week ending Aug. 1, 1922. A copy of any of them, except those otherwise noted, may be obtained free upon application to the Chief of the Division of Publications, U. S. Department of Agriculture, as long as the department’s supply lasts.

After the department’s supply is exhausted, publications can be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Purchase order and remittance should be addressed to the Superintendent of Documents direct and not to the Department of Agriculture.

Sugar Beet Growing Under Irrigation. By C. O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge of Sugar-Plant Investigations. Pp. 32, figs. 17. Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry. Revised June, 1922. (Farmers’ Bulletin 567.)

The Insulating Value of Commercial Double-Walled Beehives. By E. F. Phillips, Apiculturist in Charge, Bee-Culture Investigations. Pp. 9. Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology. May, 1922. (Department Circular 222.) Price, 5¢.

A Handbook of Dairy Statistics. By T. R. Pirtle, Dairy Division. Pp. 72, fig. 1. Contribution from the Bureau of Animal Industry. June, 1922. (A. I. 37.) Price, 15¢.

Vegetable Growing in Guam. By Glen Briggs, Agronomist and Horticulturist. Pp. 60, pls. 17. June, 1922. (Bulletin 2, Guam Agricultural Experiment Station.)

110

Increasing accumulations of butter and lack of confidence among members of the trade were the principal factors in bringing about extremely weak conditions and radical declines in all markets during the early part of the week ending July 29. The resulting lower prices attracted a speculative demand which was largely instrumental in causing equally radical advances during the latter part of the week. The prices at the close of the week, however, hovered near the same levels as at the opening, and conditions, although not so extremely weak because of lighter stocks, were equally unsettled.

Since early in July receivers have been burdened with heavy accumulations of receipts because of the curtailed storing demand, and the strength of the market has been maintained by the hope that consuming outlets would become larger, that receipts would decrease more rapidly, or that exporters would take considerable quantities. When there appeared to be no immediate outlet for the accumulating stocks, dealers slashed prices and cleared away a large part of the accumulations.

SPECULATIVE INTEREST DEVELOPS.

The lower prices, however, brought forth a speculative interest which was so keen that prices reacted practically to the level on Monday. But with the higher prices buyers again disappeared, the market became very unsettled, and some price reductions ensued.

The strengthening factors are an excellent consumptive demand, possibilities of export and the improbability of any considerable imports. A shortage in stocks of butter in foreign markets makes it probable that considerable butter will be exported and improbable that the imports will be large. Aside from the possibility of exports and imports, the enormous quantity of butter going into consumption is a major factor in the possible trend of the markets.

Receipts at the four markets since Jan. 1 show a surplus of some 58,000,000 lbs. over the same period a year ago. Of these receipts, nearly 11,000,000 lbs. in excess of last year was stored. Import and export figures for the first six months of the year show an excess of exports over imports of 2,365,000 lbs. During the corresponding period in 1921 there was an excess of imports amounting to 6,139,000 lbs. Deducting the 11,000,000 lbs. which was stored in excess of last year and the decrease of 8,000,000 lbs. due to foreign trade, the apparent increase in consumption since Jan. 1, 1922, amounts to some 39,000,000 lbs.

On the other hand, while larger quantities have gone into consumption there are some operators who are bearish and claim that prices will have to rule higher next winter than last winter in order to allow a fair profit on present storage stocks, and that this condition naturally would reduce consumption. It is claimed also that production may continue comparatively heavy, making large outlets necessary. Some also point out that during our winter months the countries in the Southern Hemisphere have their season of flush production and that imports from those countries are a possibility.

Notwithstanding the fact that the markets at present are weak and unsettled, and receivers generally desire to keep current receipts moving, most of those owning storage butter have confidence in holding it at its present cost.

CHEESE PRICES LOWER UNDER LIGHT CONSUMPTIVE DEMAND
Speculative Demand Also Lacking—Prices Down a Full Cent at Wisconsin Primary Markets.

The light summer consumptive demand without the support of speculative storage activity has been insufficient to clear the current make of cheese during the past few weeks, and as a consequence a weaker feeling developed. During the week ending July 29 this weakness became more pronounced, and prices at the Wisconsin primary markets were lowered as much as a full cent in an effort to stimulate trading.

Buyers, however, were not eager to take on any more goods than could be readily used to meet daily requirements. Although a few cars of fine cheese were purchased early in the week for storage, the majority of buyers felt that the market was on too high a plane for speculation.

SPECULATIVE DEMAND ABSENT.

The absence of speculative support has probably been the largest factor in the weaker country markets, and the reflection of this weakness in the distributing markets. Moreover, movement into consumptive channels has not been active for some time. As storage demand has been lacking and the primary markets have been showing signs of weakening, most buyers at distributing points adopted the policy of hand-to-mouth buying in anticipation of lower prices. Advices at the end of the week indicated that some dealers do not look for a revival of trade until prices at country points reach 16¢, about 2¢ below present prices. However, this sentiment is not universal, and many dealers think that present prices may not be far from bottom.

Embargoes on railroad shipments of perishable foodstuffs in the southern and southwestern sections of the country have reduced shipments below normal requirements, and until the rail strike is ended but little support is expected from those sections. In fact, many in the trade believe that while the strike may cause higher prices in certain consuming centers where supplies are exhausted, embargoes on shipments will tend to weaken the primary markets because of curtailed outlets.

At the close of the week the tone of the market was barely steady. Holders were free sellers, and in many instances were inclined to make concessions in order to keep stocks as low as possible. Little export or import business was reported, although small shipments of Split Twins were imported from Canada. However, both the export and import business was of small consequence and did not affect the market. With production in excess of consumption and speculators off the market, many in the trade expect an unsettled market accompanied by lower prices.

The same relative inactivity which has featured condensed and evaporated milk markets for several months continued during July, and prospects for any materially improved demand are so slight that many of the trade who have held a more or less confident attitude are beginning to lose some of their optimism.

Export demand, upon which canned milk manufacturers have come to depend to a large extent as an outlet for surplus domestic production, has become less of a factor each month. Buying for relief purposes, which constituted such a support to the evaporated milk market especially, has practically ceased, and no additional orders seem to be in sight.

LITTLE FOREIGN DEMAND EXPECTED.

Domestic demand in England is reported as somewhat heavier, but American manufacturers have as competitors an increasing number of European factories which are able to lay down the goods at a lower cost. In fact, foreign demand is not expected to absorb very large quantities of American-made goods in the very near future. Latest export figures are for the month of June and indicate a slight decrease under May and a very large decrease under June, 1921.

Condenseries, however, have had at least one favorable condition during the past few months which has helped considerably to offset the dull demand for canned milk. Prices of both butter and cheese have been at levels that made it possible to divert surplus milk into one or the other of these products, and as a result the production of condensed and evaporated goods has been held as low as was consistent with good business practice. These outlets have been fortunate not only because of the lighter demand which has featured both condensed and evaporated milk markets, but because of the upward tendency of costs of manufacturing as well. Seasonal advances in prices of raw milk are almost at hand, and in the case of condensed milk, sugar is over one-third higher in cost than it was in the spring. The latter has been of considerable influence in diverting trade demand to evaporated milk on account of the lower prices at which this class of goods could be sold.

The summer demand from the domestic trade for condensed and evaporated milk has not been up to expectations. The icecream trade especially has taken much smaller quantities of goods than condensing firms had anticipated. This is explained partly by the fact that powdered milk is being more widely used in the manufacture of ice cream, and partly by the relatively cool weather in various consuming sections of the country.

Summarized figures from manufacturers indicate that condensing operations have been carried on conservatively and that due consideration has been given to the anticipated and actual dull summer demand from all classes of trade. Although total stocks on July 1, as indicated in the accompanying tables, reveal a moderately heavy increase over June 1, it must be borne in mind that the heavy producing season has just passed. It is to be noted also that while total stocks on July 1 were heavier than on the first of the previous month unsold stocks were lighter. Furthermore, a comparison of total stocks on July 1 this year and last shows a decrease of approximately 26%. Therefore, from the statistical standpoint, markets were, perhaps, in better shape on July 1 than they were June 1.

GREAT BRITAIN’S BUTTER IMPORTS.

the shifted seasonal trend of England’s butter imports, for if the imports follow the same seasonal trend in 1922 as during the period from 1917 to 1921 England had already received at the end of June two-thirds of that country’s foreign supply for the present year.

During the first fire months of 1922 England received 60,000,000 lbs. from Denmark, compared with 48,000,000 lbs. during the corresponding period of 1921. Danish exporters in recent years have scattered their exports to various other countries, and while not so dependent upon England for a market as previously, could at any time take advantage of any favorable offer from their long-established British trade. The flush of the butter production in Denmark was reached this year by June 1 and the competition met in the English market is now not so largely European as formerly, which doubtless leaves Denmark with some seasonal advantage.

The prospective demand for butter in England during the rest of this year depends largely, of course, upon the consumer’s purchasing power.

Prices of other powdered milk products ranged as follows: Whole milk powder, 30¢‒58¢ per 1‒lb. can for case goods, and 22¢‒28¢ for goods packed in barrels; dried buttermilk 10½¢‒12¢ for case goods, and 3½¢‒11¼¢ for goods packed in barrels.

Skimmed milk powder for export trade was reported sold at 10¢‒11¼¢ per lb. f. a. s. Atlantic seaboard, and 7½¢ per lb. f. a. s. Pacific seaboard.

Canada’s Storage Stocks of Butter on July 1 Below last Year.

The quantity of creamery butter in storage throughout Canada on July 1 was 10,178,891 lbs., while that of dairy butter was only 426,671 lbs. Comparative figures show this to be a decrease of 34% in the case of creamery butter and 18.83% in the case of dairy butter from the amounts held in storage on the corresponding date last year.

The average quantity of peanuts exported per annum from Senegal during the five years 1916‒1920 was 190,512 metric tons, according to the American Consul at Dakar, Senegal. Peanuts constitute the most important export crop of Senegal, most of the exportable surplus going to England and France.

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Shipments of 14 lines of fruits and vegetables during the week ending July 29 increased nearly 300 cars over the previous week, having filled 14,531 cars. This is about 930 cars less than during the corresponding period last year, but the total movement of these 14 products this season to July 29 is 28,000 cars ahead of last season to the same date.

With accumulated supplies in many cities, white potato markets were slow and weak. A further decrease of 275 cars in last week’s shipments, however, may tend to strengthen this line. Peaches also showed declines of 50¢-$1 under a peak movement of 2,100 cars. Cantaloupe markets tended to advance and watermelons were nearly steady, even though shipments of the latter crop jumped nearly 500 cars over the preceding week. Movement of grapes and pears continued to gain, especially from California. The grape season is later than usual in central California, but probably 20,000 cars of grapes will come from that territory this year.

APPLE SHIPMENTS DECREASE.

With the cleaning up of early summer apples, there was a decrease of nearly 120 cars in the shipments of that commodity. Further losses occurred in the movement of lettuce and tomatoes; in fact, only 230 cars of tomatoes were shipped from producing sections compared with 500 cars the week before. The only marked increase in lettuce movement was from Colorado. Onion shipments showed a reaction from the previous week and decreased to about 300 cars. Movement of sweet potatoes is becoming more active as the season advances, and jobbing sales of Alabama stock in bushel hampers declined 25¢ in Chicago and Cincinnati, closing at $1‒$1.25.

Apples.—California apples are becoming a prominent feature of the market, shipments from that State having been six times greater than the week before. Northwestern stock is moving in a small way, Washington growers having forwarded 14 cars and Oregon growers one car last week. New York early varieties also started to roll to consuming centers, but the season is somewhat later in that section than it was last year. Michigan shipped more apples than any other State during the week. Various varieties from producing districts near Chicago jobbed in that market at 50¢-$l per bu., a decline of nearly $1 a basket. Eastern red apples brought $1‒$1.25 in New York City.

Peaches.—Most markets reported heavy arrivals of peaches. St. Louis received 294 cars, Chicago 267 cars, New York 281 cars, and other large eastern cities about 150 cars each. Liberal supplies, combined with much stock in poor condition, caused the wholesale market for Georgia Elbertas to fall to a level of $2‒$2.75 per crate or bushel basket. Best Elbertas from North Carolina closed at $2.25‒$2.50. Arkansas stock held firm in St. Louis at $2‒$2.25 but was weak in Chicago. Shipments from North Carolina were twice as heavy as during the preceding week, totaling more than 700 cars. Nearly 1,300 cars have already come from that State this season. Arkansas sent almost 600 cars to market during the week. Movement from Georgia decreased about 70%, but the season is becoming very active in Illinois, Tennessee, and Oklahoma, as well as in the Middle Atlantic sections. Early varieties from eastern States sold in leading wholesale markets at $1.50‒$2 per bu. Tennessee Elbertas ranged as high as $3‒$3.25 in Cincinnati and Cleveland, but were $1 lower in Chicago because of the oversupplied market.

Cantaloupes.—Sales of cantaloupes were made at advances over the previous week in most consuming centers, far western Salmon Tints ranging $2.50‒$3 per standard crate except in Cincinnati, where low mark of $2 was reached. Arizona shipped only 60 cars and Imperial Valley 25, compared with their combined total of 300 cars the week before. The Turlock section, however, showed an increase of 100% in movement, supplying more cantaloupes than any other producing district. Cantaloupes moved more freely from Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. Arkansas shipments fell below 100 cars and supplies from the Carolinas are about cleaned up. In the West, the Las Cruces section of New Mexico has become active. Pink Meats from that territory, flats 12’s and 15’s, brought $1.15 in Chicago. On the Atlantic coast, Delaware started with a weekly movement of 60 cars. Maryland furnished almost 400 cars of cantaloupes, and standard crates of Green Meats from that State jobbed in Baltimore at $1.25‒$1.50. New York reported sales at a like figure. Indiana Salmon Tints closed at $1.50‒$2 in Middle Western cities.

POTATO SHIPMENTS HEAVY.

White Potatoes.—Wholesale prices of potatoes slumped considerably during the week, probably as a result of liberal supplies. Although the week’s shipments showed a decrease, arrivals on the New York market were nearly 550 cars. Chicago received about 400 cars. No. 1 Irish Cobblers from the Eastern Shore of Virginia reached a low point of $1.50 per bbl. in nearby cities, a loss of $1 or more. At the same time last year the jobbing price was $4‒$4.50. Car-lot sales in Chicago averaged about $3 last week. Kansas sacked Cobblers, many dirty, closed at $1.15‒$1.25 per 100 lbs. The Chicago range on partly graded Early Ohios was 85¢ for Kaw Valley stock, $1‒$1.15 for Minnesota stock, and $1.25 for Nebraska stock. New Jersey Cobblers, in 150‒lb. sacks, jobbed at $1.25‒$2 per sack in important eastern markets.

Jersey shipping points were reported dull and slow at the close of the week, although shipments from that section exceeded those from any other State, having amounted to almost 1,400 cars, compared with 530 the previous week. Eastern Shore of Virginia shipments filled only 1,100 cars, a decline of 400, and the Eastern Shore of Maryland marketed less than 500 cars of potatoes last week. Movement from Kaw Valley declined sharply. The season in the Kearney district of Nebraska was not yet in full swing.

Watermelons.—There was little change in the jobbing price of watermelons. Georgia shippers handled 50% more business than during the week ending July 22, but the season in that section will not last long. As the movement waned in South Carolina it became more active in North Carolina, about 275 cars having come from the latter State. Southeast Missouri is coming along fast. From the Sulphur-Springs-Omaha district of Texas about 1,000 cars of watermelons are expected, and the Weatherford district may ship 600 cars. Texas melons will be most abundant the first week of August, rainy weather having delayed the season in north Texas.

Cabbage.—New York shipped its first car of cabbage last week, as did Michigan, also. About 80% of the week’s supply, however, came from Iowa and the Roanoke section of Virginia, each of those sections having furnished about 60 cars. Colorado cabbage 113also is becoming plentiful. In five counties of southern Michigan the cabbage acreage is estimated at 1,285 acres, compared with 590 acres in 1921. About 1,400 acres are reported from Saginaw County in northern Michigan.

Special Fruit Trains Bring Berries from Northwest.

Berries grown in the Puget Sound region of the Northwest are served on breakfast tables in Chicago 80 hours after being picked as a result of the establishment of a special express refrigerator train service operating on passenger schedule between the Pacific Northwest and Chicago.

Previously these fresh fruits were marketed in the locality in which they were grown or they were shipped in single cars by express to eastern markets; but in the last few years the development of the berry industry has been so rapid in the Northwest that additional outlets had to be found. The special train service which has been inaugurated is meeting this situation very successfully. Berries of various kinds are arriving daily in Chicago from the White Salmon, Yakima, Puyallup, and Walla Walla valleys, from Vashon Island, Puget Sound, and from Lewiston, Idaho.

In the production centers the berries are rushed by motor truck and interurban car to the refrigerator cars on the railroad sidings every afternoon. The cars are loaded, iced, and hurried on passenger schedule to Spokane where they are united into a special fruit train. Early in the morning the train pulls out from Spokane for the East. These trains are iced five times between the Pacific coast and Chicago and make no other stops. Recently train loads of red raspberries have been arriving in Chicago every day. Loganberries also have been abundant, but the larger part of the supply has been raspberries. Arrivals were at the rate of two cars per day during the latter part of July.

Most shipments have carried through in fine condition, with only a few packages showing decay or mold. The berries are all packed in 24‒pt. crates which are only a single layer deep, instead of three layers deep as are the Michigan red raspberries. The quality of the raspberries has been fine, the berries being large and of a desirable red color. A few black raspberries, blackberries, and red currants have also come from the Northwest, but only as parts of cars. These have likewise been attractively packed and were of good quality, having shown but little decay.

Chicago an Important Market for Raspberries and Small Fruits.

Large supplies of raspberries and loganberries have recently been arriving on the Chicago market from the Pacific Northwest. Special train service has been provided by one of the leading railroads, so that these highly perishable fruits come through in record time and in good condition.

According to reports of a Chicago representative of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, prices of Northwestern red raspberries have ranged from $3 per 24‒pt. crate to as high as $4.50 per crate for the best stock at the beginning of the season. The average price has been around $3.50‒$4 for good stock, with a fairly steady market.

At this season of the year in Chicago most of the small fruit competition is from Michigan. Heavy supplies of Michigan blackberries, red raspberries, black raspberries, and blueberries have been coming in during July. There has also been a liberal supply of red currants and gooseberries. The following table shows the jobbing prices of these fruits in comparison with berries from the Northwest and from New York:

Black raspberries from Michigan have not sold as high as reds this season, although in many seasons they sell at the same levels. Currants and gooseberries have varied widely in price. Blueberries have been in good demand.

New York has shipped a large volume of red currants to Chicago in 32‒qt. crates and these have ranged $4‒$6, depending on the quality, condition, and the market. One car of New York State Columbia red raspberries, shipped from Clyde, Wayne County, has arrived to date and sold at $3.25 per 48‒pt. crate. This stock was of fine quality but in rather poor condition.

Practically all of the sour cherry supply comes from Michigan, packed in 16‒qt. crates and, after the first few Early Richmonds, consists principally of Montmorency and a few English Morello. Wisconsin also ships a few cars of Montmorency in the same package. Odd lots of sweet cherries in 16‒qt. boxes come from Michigan. These for the most part vary widely in quality and condition and are not graded well enough or handled carefully enough to compete with the well-packed sweet cherries, principally Royal Annes and Bings, from Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Utah. Most of them are Black Tartarians, Windsors, Bings, and Napoleons (same cherry as the western Royal Anne). The price has had the exceedingly wide range of $1‒$3.50 per 16‒qt. crate.

Report on Cabbage and Onions in New York.

Reports from the field service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for the date of July 25 contain the following information concerning commercial cabbage and onions in New York:

Cabbage.—The acreage planted to cabbage in the eastern portion of the cabbage belt in Cortland, Chenango, Madison, and eastern Onondaga Counties and in some sections of the western counties has increased greatly over 1921, but for the State as a whole the acreage is probably not far from average. The percentage of the acreage in late cabbage is larger than usual. Rain has delayed planting and damaged cabbage on low ground but has prevented aphis damage, so that the average condition of the crop is good throughout the State.

New York ranks first among the States in production of commercial cabbage and Ontario County first among the counties of the State. This county will begin to ship cabbage by Aug. 15, but most of the crop is late.

Onions.—Harvesting of early onions in Orange County began July 15, but the main crop will move between Aug. 10 and Sept. 1. Best yields may reach 400 to 500 bus. per acre but rains have reduced the probable average for the county to 275 bus. and perhaps to 250 bus.

Growers and Dealers Expect Good Potato Crop in New Jersey.

Growers and dealers in the northern and southern potato sections of New Jersey are optimistic over the prospects of this season’s potato crop, according to a report from the Philadelphia representative of the market news service conducted by the U. S. Department of Agriculture.

The weather has been almost ideal from the growing standpoint and prospects are for the best crop in respect to both quality and quantity that New Jersey has had in several years. This is true of all varieties, but especially of the Irish Cobblers and the Giants. Thus far the crop has been yielding 60‒80 bbls. per acre, mostly around 70 bbls., which is a good yield for so early in the season.

Although some fields, especially in north Jersey (Burlington, Mercer, and Monmouth Counties), show signs of late blight, this disease does not appear nearly so prevalent as during the past few years. In south Jersey (Salem and Cumberland Counties) very little of this disease has appeared.

The potato deal in all sections of the State opened generally about July 17. Contrary to custom, it looked as if the northern district would ship early potatoes more freely than the southern section. Very little of the stock seems to have been contracted.

There probably will be keen competition this season, especially in north Jersey, because three or four growers’ exchanges besides several large individual dealers are interested in the deal. In the southern district there is only the one exchange, but there are several large shippers.

Increasing quantities of potatoes are moving by truck from producing sections to New York City, Jersey City, Newark, and especially to the seashore cities. Many trucks are also being used for shipping to Pennsylvania cities, and the total truck movement probably will affect the season’s carlot shipments by several hundred cars. To July 29 about 2,060 cars of potatoes had been reported shipped from New Jersey, compared with 1,850 cars to the same date last year. Total shipments last season were almost 10,500 cars.

The close-of-the-season movement of Maine potatoes was twice as heavy as in June, 1921. Total shipments from that State have broken all records, amounting to approximately 40,000 carloads, or one-fifth of the entire late potato shipments of the United States.

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The steady decline which has prevailed in the wheat market for some time continued during the week ending July 29 when September wheat at Chicago closed at $1.08, 1⅜¢ lower than at the close of the previous week. The heaviest decline occurred on Monday, when September wheat closed at $1.07⅜. The market rallied somewhat toward the close of the week but did not regain the loss sustained during the early part of the week.

The principal bearish factors were the heavy primary receipts, estimated at 15,902,000 bus., which caused large hedging sales; lower foreign markets; and the weakness in foreign exchange. Opposed to these influences were the bullish reports of heavy export sales and the reports that more wheat would be needed by foreign buyers than had been generally anticipated.

STRIKE SETTLEMENT A FACTOR.

The possibility of an early settlement of the railroad and coal strikes and a freer movement of grain were also considered by the trade as factors that would tend to lower wheat prices.

Although corn and oats prices held fairly firm, the tone of the market for these two grains appeared weaker as favorable weather improved the crop prospects. The September corn future at Chicago closed at 62½¢ on July 29, compared with 63¼¢ on July 22.

Receipts of wheat at Chicago were more than 1,000 cars larger than the previous week, totaling 3,177 cars, of which 2,583 were winter wheat. The movement appears to be about normal, however, as 3,973 cars were received during the corresponding week last year. The quality of the wheat received was good, about 71% grading Nos. 1 and 2, and 21% grading No. 3, leaving only about 8% grading below No. 3.

Milling demand was slow during the first part of the week but improved later. Export demand was active and sales totaling 2,600,000 bus. were reported made from Chicago to exporters during the week. Premiums of from 24¢ to 47¢ over the September future prices were still being paid for cash wheat at Minneapolis. This is a reduction, however, of 1¢ from the top and 3¢ from the bottom of the range quoted at the close of the previous week. Receipts, especially of good quality, continued light.

The danger of rust damage had about passed in the spring wheat territory as harvesting was well under way. The first car of new spring wheat arrived during the week. Local mills and buyers were not inclined to put out bids for wheat to arrive. Straight-to-arrive bids for 20‒day delivery were being made at the close of the week at 15¢ over the September price, and for 10‒day delivery at 25¢ over the September. Northwestern mills are reported to be operating at about 60% of their capacity.

In the Soft Winter wheat section the embargoes placed by the railroads against shipments to the South and Southeast restricted shipments to mills in that territory. This caused a lighter milling demand at St. Louis and Cincinnati. At the former market, however, good buying by elevator interests to cover sales for July and August shipments, and by exporters for direct shipment to the Gulf, kept the market firm. Receipts were 1,161 cars, most of which were Soft Winter.

About 82% of the 177 cars of Soft Winter wheat received at Cincinnati graded No. 3 or better, principally because of test weight, and was of good milling quality. Prices were firm notwithstanding the curtailment of outbound shipments.

EXPORTERS ACTIVE AT KANSAS CITY.

Receipts at Kansas City totaled 3,443 cars. The movement from the country was large and is expected to continue in good volume for some time. Milling demand was only fair. Eastern mills took only small lots and Northwestern mills also bought on a small scale because of the promising outlook for Spring wheat. There was an excellent export demand, however, and very active bidding was indulged in by exporters to the Gulf who were eager to obtain wheat to fill sales for shipment. Bids for wheat for August delivery were made as high as 17¢ per bu. over the Chicago September future price but later were reduced to 15¢ premium. Bids for September loading at the Gulf were made at 13¢ over the Chicago September price.

The activity in the export market was especially noticeable at the Atlantic seaboard markets, as the failure of shippers to make delivery on July contracts compelled many exporters to buy in the open market to fill the ocean tonnage already engaged. A number of boats were loaded at two or more ports in order to get sufficient wheat for the cargoes. There was a good demand for Hard Winter for various continental markets, for Red Winter for France, and for Hard Winter and Durum wheat for Italy.

CORN PRICES FAIRLY STEADY.

Although future prices were slightly lower and crop prospects were good, cash corn prices held fairly steady to firm. Receipts were about normal. Shipping orders and export sales absorbed the offerings readily at the principal markets. Primary receipts were estimated at 5,474,000 bus. compared with 4,464,000 bus. last year. Primary shipments were 8,510,000 bus. compared with 5,251,000 bus. a year ago, thus indicating a relatively better demand at present than at the corresponding time last year.

Lake shipments to American ports from Chicago during the week were 2,072,000 bus.

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Local conditions were again the principal factors in the hay market situation for the week ending July 29. Eastern markets were experiencing the mid-season dullness, while central western markets were having some difficulty in disposing of the increasing receipts of new hay, much of which was not of desirable quality for shipment. The railroad strike was reported as curtailing shipments in some sections, but generally the effects of the strike were not noticeable in the markets. The average price of hay was lowered slightly during the week, but the larger declines were in the eastern markets, where prices were being worked to a new hay basis.

Receipts were lighter in the East but heavier in the West, as is shown in the following table, which gives receipts in carloads at several important markets for the weeks ending July 22 and July 29, 1922 and July 30, 1921:

TIMOTHY LOWER IN EAST.

Timothy.—Notwithstanding the light receipts, prices declined $1.50‒$2.50 per ton on No. 1 timothy hay at New York and Boston during the week. Very little good hay was offered and the poorer grades were not wanted. Buyers appeared to prefer to await larger receipts of new hay. The few cars of new hay arriving were mostly No. 3 or lower and some were heating. Light receipts caused firm prices most of the week at Philadelphia and good old hay was in demand at Pittsburgh. New hay, most of which graded No. 2, sold at $5 discount under old No. 1 prices at the latter market.

Good quality old hay and new cool, sweet hay sold readily at Chicago, but the poorer grades, of which there was an oversupply, sold at heavy discounts. Southside yards were congested with off-grade hay. Nearly all the new hay was reported to be overripe and of poor color. Many cars were heating, also.

The timothy market developed an easier tone at both Cincinnati and St. Louis. The local demand was limited and prices were said to be too high to stimulate a shipping demand to the South and Southeast. There was, however, very little inquiry from the southern markets, as Johnson grass and other local hays were on the market in good supply.

ALFALFA MOVEMENT LIGHT.

Alfalfa.—The movement of alfalfa from Kansas and other Southwestern States was comparatively light, as the second crop of alfalfa was much smaller than the first because of the hot, dry weather which recently prevailed in that territory. The shortage of water in some sections will also probably cause a lighter yield of the third crop so that producers are not inclined to sell their stocks at prices unsatisfactory to them. Kansas City reported a more active demand from the cotton belt as well as from the local dairy trade.

Advances in prices for all grades were reported from Los Angeles where receipts were light. Choice rabbit hay sold as high as $25 per ton. Receipts at San Francisco were heavier and prices were much lower than at the southern market.

Prairie.—Prairie hay constituted the bulk of the receipts at Minneapolis and Kansas City. Dealers and consumers who had accumulated large stocks of hay in expectation of a curtailed supply because of the rail strike were not interested and the market ruled dull. The stockyards offered the principal outlet at Minneapolis. Country supplies of prairie were reported heavy and little improvement in the market was expected.

Straw.—Receipts of straw were light but equal to the demand in most markets. Some old rye straw was wanted in eastern markets. There was an oversupply of wheat straw at Chicago. Current quotations were as follows: No. 1 wheat—Boston (old) $19, Baltimore $12, Pittsburgh $13.50, Chicago $9, Cincinnati $10.50, Richmond $12; No. 1 oat—Boston (old) $20, Baltimore $12.50, Pittsburgh $13.50, Chicago $11.50, Cincinnati $10.50; No. 1 rye (straight)—Boston (new) $30, New York (new) $22, Baltimore $30; No. 1 rye (tangled)—Pittsburgh $13.50, Chicago $13, Cincinnati $11.

MILL FEED MARKETS DISPLAYED WEAK TENDENCY DURING WEEK
Heavy Production of Wheat Feeds Cause of Rather Large Accumulations—Alfalfa Meal Firm.

The mill feed market was in a weak position during the week ending July 29. Increased production and offerings of the more important feedstuffs with no material improvement in the demand from principal feeding sections resulted in an easier feeling and lower quotations, especially for bran and cottonseed meal.

During the early part of the week the market held steady, but as soon as production figures became more generally known buyers turned resellers and endeavored to realize profits on their long contracts. During the last few days of the week trading was practically at a standstill, with sellers anxious to dispose of nearby shipment stuff. Stocks in hands of interior dealers were thought to be fairly good for this season of the year and advices indicate that they are being disposed of only slowly. The movement was fair.

Wheat mill feeds.—Bran was easily the weakest of the wheat mill feeds and on heavy offerings declined to $14 in the Minneapolis market. Standard middlings and the heavy wheat feeds held slightly better, flour middlings and reddog of ordinary quality commanding $24.50 and $29.50, respectively, in that market. Production in southwestern and northwestern mills increased substantially and an easier market prevailed. Most of the markets quoted bran $1‒$2 lower than last week. The movement

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The movement of orchard grass seed is even more belated than last year despite the fact that it was harvested earlier. In some sections but little seed had been thrashed up to July 25 and in other sections thrashing operations were in full swing or nearly completed.

As was pointed out in the June 24 issue of Weather, Crops, and Markets, the 1922 crop is much larger than that of last year and sales were somewhat disappointing this spring. These factors along with others have tended to cause dealers to take a passive interest in the crop and refrain from making any but nominal bids for seed held by growers.

MARKET NOT YET MADE.

The market had not become established by July 25, although prices for country-run seed ranging from 75¢ to $1.25 per 100 lbs. were being offered occasionally to growers in the Kentucky, Ohio, and Missouri districts. Thrashing had not progressed sufficiently in Virginia for buyers to become interested in the seed that was harvested in that State.

The quality of the 1922 crop in practically all districts is considered to be better than last year. The carryover of old seed by growers, particularly in the Ohio and Virginia districts, seems to be somewhat larger than usual. No orchard grass seed was permitted entry under the seed importation act during June and July.

Meadow Fescue Seed Prices Decline During Past Two Weeks.

A normal movement of the 1922 crop of meadow fescue seed has occurred since thrashing began about June 30, and it is estimated that approximately 55% of the crop has already been sold by growers. In the opinion of country buyers and others this year’s crop of recleaned seed will be about twice as large as that of last year.

The quality is considered to be much better not only because of favorable weather during the growing season and at harvest time but also because growers exercised more care in the selection of their seed for sowing. During recent years the shrinkage in recleaning the crop has been unusually heavy, resulting in considerable loss to the growers.

Prices to growers declined 2¢ or 3¢ during the two weeks prior to July 25. Only about 4¢ per lb. for recleaned seed was being paid on that date, and there were not many buyers even at that price.

A new variety of the Rose potato, called the Early Norther Rose, was planted in the Charleston section of South Carolina this spring. It resembles the Spaulding Rose, but is a little longer and thicker than that variety. The average yield was 80‒90 bbls. per acre.

MOVEMENT OF KENTUCKY BLUE GRASS SEED BELOW NORMAL
Growers in Kentucky Have Pooled Much of Their Seed——Quality Better than Last Year.

The 1922 crop of Kentucky blue grass seed is not being sold so freely by growers in Kentucky and Missouri as was the crop last year. In some important stripping areas in Kentucky where the crop is large, less than 5% had moved from growers’ hands by July 25. In other sections of Kentucky approximately 25% had been sold but the bulk of the crop has been pooled in the expectancy of higher prices later. Although in the vicinity of one or two important shipping points in Missouri 60% or more of the crop is reported to have been sold by growers, in most of the other sections only 10%‒15% has been sold.

Prices prevailing about July 25 were much lower than last year, being mostly $1.25‒$1.50 per bu. for rough, cured seed compared with $2‒$2.50 last year. Little or no change occurred in prices offered to growers during the last two weeks of July.

The quality of the seed in Kentucky and Missouri is much better than it was last year and undoubtedly will shrink less in cleaning.

The production of the 1922 crop was covered fully in the June 17 issue of this publication.

WEEKLY FEED TRADE REVIEW.

was fair: Embargoes against outbound shipping in a few western markets kept business within narrow limits. Stocks generally were in excess of the demand.

Southwestern markets reported a good demand for shorts from the South and Southeast and an improved inquiry for bran was noted from Pacific coast markets. Large stocks of wheat feeds, mostly bought at higher levels, are being carried at western lake ports, and railroads are not accepting any more shipments to be held at lake ports, claiming that all available space is occupied.

Cottonseed meal and cake.—Increased offerings of new crop cottonseed cake and meal gave the market an unsettled tone and although a fair demand was noted in the East the premiums of old crop over the new crop cake and meal were sharply lowered. Prices for October shipment stuff ruled about $5 per ton lower than spot offerings in most markets. Pressure of new crop offers for deferred shipment tended to check buying. A small volume of business on the basis of $40 at Kansas City for 43% stock was noted, but buyers generally were hesitant in taking hold. Old crop stocks at mills continue in excess of what they were last year. The export inquiry was light. The movement was small.

Linseed meal and cake.—Production of linseed meal and cake was light. Prices held steady, but showed a rather wide range, mill offerings being at 50¢-$1 per ton less than was asked by jobbers. Stocks were fair. The demand both for export and domestic consumption was poor. Crushers expect increased production during September and October but little improvement in the output is expected during August. Receipts and movement were light.

GLUTEN FEED DEMAND QUIET.

Gluten feed.—The demand for gluten feed was quiet. Dealers reported sales as slow, and as a result a few mills experienced difficulty in obtaining shipping instructions for goods bought for July shipment. Although corn prices were lower and No. 2 Yellow was quoted on the basis of about $22 Chicago, gluten feed for August shipment was advanced $1 per ton over the July price to $29.85 per ton Chicago. Production was normal and the movement was good. Supplies were rather large in the Northeast, and moderate in other sections.

Hominy feed.—Hominy feed prices showed little change from last week. Eastern mills shaded prices to effect sales. The demand was scattered and mostly from single car buyers. Production was good, particularly by mills having orders for grits for the Russian Relief. Offerings by western mills increased because of the limited sales during the past month and the accumulation of stocks. Supplies in dealers’ hands continued fair. The movement was light.

Alfalfa meal.—The supply of alfalfa meal was about equal to the demand, which was normal for this time of the year, inquiries having been received from all over the country. Prices for meal are governed largely by trend of hay prices, and as the yield of second cutting in many instances was less than was expected, with poor prospects for the third cutting, the alfalfa meal situation was quite firm. The supplies of hay available for milling have been reduced considerably through extensive purchases by sheep feeders. Millers, therefore, do not expect to make heavy offerings in the near future. In fact, many mills were unable to accept business for immediate, quick, or prompt shipment. The movement was fair.

WEEKLY GRAIN MARKET REVIEW.

and to Canadian ports 1,431,000 bus. Total shipments for the season to Canadian ports stand at 11,757,000 bus.

Increased offerings of oats caused prices to decline 1¢ to 2¢ per bu. during the week. The demand was light because buyers were expecting new crop prices to be lower. The general movement was not large, however, as total primary receipts were only 4,775,000 bus., or not quite one-half of the amount reported received during the corresponding week last year.

The visible supply of grain at the close of the week was given as follows: Oats, 36,667,000 bus.; corn, 19,509,000 bus.; and wheat, 19,667,000 bus. Wheat and flour on ocean passage totaled 48,936,000 bus., compared with 57,960,000 bus. one year ago.

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The week ending July 29 witnessed sagging prices in cotton, due primarily to reports of more favorable weather for the growing crop. Both the railroad and coal strikes had their effect, and the unsettled condition in foreign exchange was also a factor.

The average price of Middling as determined from the quotations of the 10 designated spot markets closed at 21.69¢ per lb. on July 29, compared with 22.10¢ at the close of the previous week and 10.81¢ for the corresponding day last year. The decline in October future contracts on the New York Cotton Exchange amounted to 38 points, and on the New Orleans Cotton Exchange to 39 points. October future contracts on the Liverpool Cotton Association closed at 12.24d. per lb. on July 28, compared with 12.59d. at the close of the previous week and 8.39d. for the corresponding day last year.

The volume of spot sales as reported by the cotton exchanges in the 10 designated markets was somewhat larger than the previous week, amounting to 29,057 bales, compared with 26,939 bales the previous week and 29,715 bales for the corresponding period in 1921. The total sales reported by the exchanges in the 10 designated spot markets from Aug. 1 to July 29 amounted to 3,361,605 bales, compared with 3,303,552 bales for the corresponding period last season.

Dullness was reported to have developed in the dry goods trade, but with little change in the price levels as compared with those of the previous week.

Exports for the week ending July 28 amounted to 48,449 bales, compared with 96,434 bales the previous week and 157,465 bales for the corresponding week in 1921.

Stocks of Government Classed Cotton at Future

Markets.

Inspected cotton, Government classed, in warehouses at the ports of New York and New Orleans on July 28, 1922, and on the corresponding day in 1921, of the grades tenderable on future contracts made on the exchanges in these markets subject to section 5 of the United States cotton futures act, as amended:

Total stocks of cotton, all kinds, on July 28 at the port of New York were 150,889 bales, and for the corresponding day in 1921, 156,141 bales; at the port of New Orleans 98,090 bales, and for the corresponding day in 1921, 421,349 bales.

Premium Staple Cotton.

A poor demand for premium staple cotton was reported at New Orleans and a limited demand with light offerings at Memphis. Some of the sales reported in these two markets during the week were as follows:

The average premiums quoted in the New Orleans and Memphis markets for the staple lengths specified are stated below for Middling cotton based on Middling short-staple cotton at 21½¢ per lb. at New Orleans and 22½¢ at Memphis on July 29, 1922, and 11¢ per lb. at New Orleans and 10¾¢ at Memphis on July 30, 1921.

Quotations reported on July 28 for Pima American-Egyptian cotton f. o. b. New England mill points were as follows: No. 1 grade, 38½¢ per lb.; No. 2, 36½¢; No. 3, 34½¢. A year ago Pima cotton on the same terms was quoted at 33¢ per lb. for No. 2 and No. 3 grades.

British Wool Imports for First Half of 1922

Total 677,634,000 Pounds.

The total imports of sheep and lambs’ wool by the United Kingdom during the first six months of 1922 amounted to 677,634,000 lbs., compared with 369,325,100 lbs. during the same period of 1921.

Most of the wool came from Australia, New Zealand, British South Africa, and Argentina. The imports from Australia and New Zealand combined amounted to 445,466,900 lbs., compared with only 251,225,300 lbs. during the first six months of 1921, while the imports from British South Africa increased from 56,904,600 lbs. in the first half of 1921 to 110,333,300 lbs. in the first half of 1922. The imports from Argentina increased from 16,548,300 lbs. in the first half of 1921 to 23,545,000 lbs. in the corresponding half of 1922.

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Beneficial rains were received during the week ending Aug. 1 in many Central Valley districts, but the rainfall was of rather local character and many areas were still in need of moisture. The rainfall was especially beneficial for growing crops in Iowa, much of South Dakota, portions of Kansas, and parts of the Ohio Valley States. Vegetation was improved also in the northwestern Plains area and in many sections of the central Rocky Mountain States.

Showers brought some relief in the far Southwest, particularly in portions of Arizona and northern New Mexico, but other localities in that area were still in need of rain. Very little rain occurred from the lower Great Plains southward and the high temperatures in that area were accompanied in some localities by destructive hot winds. Late truck needed rain also in some other Southern States. Farm work made good progress generally, except for some delay, principally in north Central States, caused by heavy rainfall. Roads were mostly in good condition.

THRASHING SOMEWHAT RETARDED.

Small grains.—There was considerable rainfall during the week in many localities of the North Central States, and thrashing of small grains was retarded in this section. There was some injury to grain in shock also in portions of the upper Mississippi Valley, particularly in Iowa. East of the Mississippi River this work made generally good progress under favorable weather conditions, while harvesting of late grain and thrashing progressed rapidly in the far Northwestern States. Plowing for fall seeding showed progress in the lower Missouri Valley, the north central Great Plains States, and in some Ohio Valley districts, with the soil mostly in good condition.

Reports of black rust in spring wheat continued from the central and eastern portions of North Dakota, but the crop was too far advanced to suffer serious damage. There was some local damage by hail in Minnesota, and the condition of spring wheat is variable in that State, though on the whole it is generally fair. The crop was largely harvested in South Dakota and some thrashing was done with fair yields with the grain of good to excellent quality.

Oat and barley harvests continued in the Northeastern States, and thrashing progressed in the Ohio Valley region. The yields in the latter area were mostly disappointing. Considerable oats in shock were damaged in Iowa by molding, rotting, and sprouting due to wet weather. Oats were benefited in many of the later western districts by the showers of the week. Flax was reported in mostly good condition in South Dakota. Rice did well in California and the condition and progress of this crop was reported as good in Texas. Harvest of the early rice crop was in progress in Louisiana.

Corn.—The rainfall in the central and upper Mississippi Valley, much of the Great Plains area, and in localities of the Ohio Valley was very beneficial to corn. The late crop, however, in the lower Great Plains, in Texas, and some other southern localities needed rain badly. The condition and development of the crop were reported as excellent in all sections of Missouri and fair to very good in Iowa. Moderately heavy rains occurred in the last-named State, especially in the western portion, where moisture had been badly needed. The progress of the crop was very good in Illinois, fair to very good in Indiana generally, although it needed rain in the eastern portion of the latter State. Corn was in good condition in Ohio but needed rain in many places.

The crop was favorably affected by the weather in the Middle Atlantic States and was doing well in northeastern districts. The nights continued too cool for best development of this crop in the western upper Lake region, where growth was backward. Fields were uneven but generally fair and showed some improvement in Minnesota. Corn had mostly tasseled out to the extreme north central portion of the country. Broom corn was damaged by drought in the southern Great Plains, especially in western Oklahoma.

MOSTLY FAVORABLE FOR COTTON.

Cotton.—Cotton was favorably affected by the weather of the week except where there was a lack of moisture in the more western portion of the belt and where it was too wet in a few central and eastern localities. Moderate rainfall was the rule from the Mississippi Valley eastward, but to the westward little or no rain fell. Temperatures were somewhat above normal in the central and eastern districts and were unusually high in the northwestern portion of the belt. Sunshine was generally ample except in northeastern localities.

The crop made favorable progress in North Carolina, except where it was too wet in parts of the coastal plain. The weather was generally favorable in South Carolina, although there was too much moisture in some central counties and the plants were reported as sappy with some shedding, but fruiting fairly well generally. The week was very favorable for cotton in Georgia where very good to excellent progress was reported, and generally fair advance was indicated from Alabama.

The progress was very good in the northern and southern portions of Mississippi but less favorable where the rainfall was heavier in the central portion. Cotton showed very good development in Louisiana and most of Arkansas, the warm, dry weather being favorable in the latter State. Conditions were less favorable, however, in Texas and Oklahoma. Peanuts were shedding in the former State as a result of warm, dry weather, although the early planted crop continued in fair to good condition. The progress of the peanut crop in Texas was poor to only fair, and progress and condition were fair in Oklahoma although the plants needed rain badly in the western portion where wilting and shedding were reported.

Weevils were generally less active, particularly in the western portion of the belt, although they continued numerous in most sections and were doing considerable damage in many localities. Bolls were reported as opening rapidly in southern Georgia and picking progressed favorably. The weather was very favorable for this work in the southern portion of Texas.

Potatoes.—White potatoes made generally good progress throughout the country during the week. Showers were beneficial for the crop in many portions of the Rocky Mountain and Plateau States, except in local areas where unirrigated potatoes needed more moisture. Some damage from disease and insects was reported from comparatively small areas in the northwestern Lake region and the crop was injured in portions of the lower Great Plains by heat and drought. In some sections of the middle Atlantic coast area more moisture would have been beneficial. Digging was in progress northward to the Lake region. Planting continued in portions of the Southeast. Sweet potatoes did well generally and were reported as making excellent growth, except in Florida where they needed more rain.

Truck and miscellaneous crops.—With sufficient moisture in most of the interior Valley States, truck crops and gardens showed improvement, although they were damaged in portions of the Ohio Valley States by lack of moisture. They were unfavorably affected in a few localities of the east Gulf area. Rain was badly needed in the Southwest and unirrigated truck was suffering in the far Northwest.

Sugar beets improved in Colorado and were doing well in Utah, Wyoming, and Nebraska. The weather was favorable for tobacco in the Northeast, but this crop was injured by drought in portions of Kentucky and plants were yellowing in places in Ohio because of insufficient moisture. The weather was favorable for checking rust in the Ohio Valley localities. Sugar cane was doing well in the lower Mississippi Valley, but cane and peanuts were needing rain in Florida. In Virginia peanuts were reported as small and the fields grassy.

RAINS HELP WESTERN RANGES.

Meadows, pastures, and stock.—Alfalfa was benefited by local showers in the Central Plateau area and meadows and pastures were improved in many interior Valley States, although moisture was needed in some sections. Considerable rain fell over the northern and northwestern Great Plains and in the central Rocky Mountain districts, resulting in material improvement to ranges. There were also local showers in the far Southwest, which were beneficial, but only partial relief was brought to New Mexico, where much of the range was still slowly deteriorating and stock was thin. Ranges were further unfavorably affected by lack of rainfall in Texas, and pastures were mostly burned dry in central Oklahoma. More rain was needed in West Virginia and Pennsylvania, but pastures continued very good in the Middle Atlantic States and the Northeast. Pastures were reported short in Michigan, and while still good in Wisconsin they needed rain in many localities. Ranges were in poor condition in Minnesota.

Fruit.—There was some damage to fruit by heat and lack of moisture in Oklahoma, and some harm resulted locally from high winds in Missouri. Apples and prunes would have been benefited by rain in some of the more northwestern States. Otherwise the weather conditions were generally favorable for fruit in practically all sections of the country. Prunes and olives were sizing up nicely in California; oranges were fair to good in that State; but lemons were less satisfactory because of last winter’s freeze. Strawberry plants were favorably affected in Florida and citrus fruits were in good condition.

The Mexican bean beetle was reported as a serious pest from several counties in Tennessee.

Moderate midsummer temperatures prevailed in most sections of the country during the week, except for unusually warm weather in some south central districts. Maximum temperatures were frequently above 100° in Oklahoma, western Arkansas, and northern Texas, the highest reported in this area being 104° at Oklahoma City on July 26. Chart 1, page 120, shows that for the week as a whole the temperature averaged below normal in the Northeast, some north central localities, and in most sections west of the Rocky Mountains. Elsewhere the weekly averages were above normal, being decidedly above normal in the lower Great Plains section.

Rainfall was generally of a local character during the week, with light to moderate, and in a few instances heavy, showers reported generally from the Mississippi Valley eastward, as shown by Chart 2, page 120. Good rains occurred in the northwestern Great Plains, but little or none was received from the southern Plains southward.

Average August Weather.

The last two columns of the table on this page show the normal temperature and precipitation for the month of August at the various Weather Bureau stations throughout the country. The average temperature for August differs but little from that of July, although as a rule August is slightly cooler except on the Pacific coast. East of the Rocky Mountains the coolest August weather usually occurs in the upper Lake region and the Northeastern States, where the monthly normals are about 62° to 65°. The normals are slightly above 80° in much of the Gulf coast section.

Rainfall in August is frequently of a local character, resulting largely from thunderstorms. The highest monthly averages for August vary from 6 ins. to more than 8 ins. and occur in the more southeastern States. The dry season continues over the Pacific Coast States and little or no rain is expected, except for occasional showers in the mountains and in the more northern districts. Thunderstorms during August are usually more frequent along the east Gulf coast than in any other section of the country, occurring on the average on about 20 days during the month. They are usually active also during this month in the far Southwest, this being within the season of maximum rainfall in Arizona and New Mexico and portions of the adjoining States.

Irish Flax Industry Failing.

The Irish flax industry is threatened with extinction, according to a report from the American Consul at Belfast. The area under flax for the present year amounts to only 25,000 acres, compared with 40,000 acres in 1921 and 127,193 acres in 1920.

The Irish Department of Agriculture has been urged to formulate and adopt a scheme for the improvement and maintenance of this staple industry of Northern Ireland.

Mississippi Tomato Shipments.

Mississippi’s tomato output has grown by leaps and bounds. In the spring of 1920 there were 1,360 cars shipped from that State. The 1921 movement was 1,960 cars, and this season the shipments filled approximately 3,450 cars.