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NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

"When found, make a note of."—Captain Cuttle.

CONTENTS.

Notes.

BACON'S ESSAYS, BY MARKBY.

Mr. Markby has recently published his promised edition of Bacon's Essays; and he has in this, as in his edition of the Advancement of Learning, successfully traced most of the passages alluded to by Lord Bacon. The following notes relate to a few points which still deserve attention:

Essay I. On Truth:—"The poet that beautified the sect that was otherwise inferior to the rest."] By "beautified" is here meant "set off to advantage," "embellished."

Essay II. On Death.—

Many of the thoughts in the Essays recur in the "Exempla Antithetorum," in the 6th book De Augmentis Scientiarum. With respect to this Essay, compare the article "Vita," No. 12., in vol. viii. p. 360. ed. Montagu.

"You shall read in some of the friars' books of mortification, that a man should think with himself what the pain is, if he have but his finger's end pressed or tortured, and thereby imagine what the pains of death are when the whole body is corrupted and dissolved."] Query, What books are here alluded to?

"Pompa mortis magis terret, quam mors ipsa."] Mr. Markby thinks these words are an allusion to Sen. Ep. xxiv. § 13. Something similar also occurs in Ep. xiv. § 3. Compare Ovid, Heroid. x. 82.: "Morsque minus pœnæ quam mora mortis habet."

"Galba, with a sentence, 'Feri si ex re sit populi Romani.'"] In addition to the passage of Tacitus, quoted by Mr. Markby, see Sueton. Galb. c. 20.

"Septimus Severus in despatch, 'Adeste si quid mihi restat agendum.'"] No such dying words are attributed to Severus, either in Dio Cassius, lxxvi. 15., the passage cited by Mr. Markby, or in Spartian. Sever. c. 23.

In the passage of Juvenal, the words are, "qui spatium vitæ," and not "qui finem vitæ," as quoted by Lord Bacon. Length of life is meant.

Essay III. Of Unity in Religion.—

"Certain Laodiceans and lukewarm persons."] The allusion is to Rev. iii. 14-16.

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"It is noted by one of the Fathers, Christ's coat indeed had no seam, but the Church's vesture was of divers colours; whereupon he saith, 'in veste varietas sit, scissura non sit.'"] Query, Who is the Father alluded to?

"The massacre in France."] I. e. the massacre of St. Bartholomew.

Essay IV. Of Revenge.—See Antitheta, No. 39. vol. viii. p. 374.

The saying of Cosmo, Duke of Florence, as to not forgiving friends, recurs in the Apophthegms, vol. i. p. 394. ed. Montagu.

Essay V. Of Adversity.—

On the fable of Hercules sailing over the ocean in an earthen pot, see Sap. Vet., vol. x. p. 335. And concerning the Greek fable, see Schneidewin, Del. Poes. Gr., p. 329.

Essay VI. Of Simulation and Dissimulation.—See Antitheta, No. 32. vol. viii. p. 370.

"Arts of state and arts of life, as Tacitus well calleth them."] Mr. Markby does not trace this allusion, which is not obvious.

Essay VII. Of Parents and Children.—See Antitheta, No. 5. vol. viii. p. 356.

"The Italians make little difference between children and nephews, or near kinsfolk."] Query, What ground is there for this assertion?

"Generally the precept is good: 'Optimum elige, suave et facile illud faciet consuetudo.'"] Query, Who is the author of this precept?

Essay VIII. Of Marriage and Single Life.—See Antitheta, No. 5. vol. viii. p. 356.

The answer of Thales concerning marriage is also given in Plut. Symp. iii. 3.

Essay IX. Of Envy.—See Antitheta, No. 16. vol. viii. p. 362.

"The Scripture calleth envy an evil eye."] Lord Bacon appears to allude to James iv. 5.: "Do ye think that the Scripture saith in vain, the Spirit that dwelleth in us lusteth to envy?"

"Non est curiosus, quin idem sit malevolus."] From Plautus, Stich. 1. 3. v. 55. "Nam curiosus nemo est, quin sit malevolus."

"Therefore it was well said, 'Invidia festos dies non agit.'"] Whence is this saying taken? It occurs likewise in the Antitheta.

Essay X. Of Love.—See Antitheta, No. 36. vol. viii. p. 373.

"It hath been well said, that the arch-flatterer, with whom all the petty flatterers have intelligence, is a man's self."] Query, From whom is this saying quoted?

"It was well said, that it is impossible to love and to be wise."] Mr. Markby cites a verse of Publius Syrus, "Amare et sapere vix Deo conceditur." Compare Menander, Andria, Fragm. 1., and Ovid, Met. ii. 846.: "Non bene conveniunt, nec in unâ sede morantur, Majestas et amor."

"I know not how, but martial men are given to love."] Aristotle (Pol. ii. 9.) has the same remark, adding that there was good reason for the fable which made Venus the spouse of Mars.

Essay XI. Of Great Place.—See Antitheta, No. 7. vol. viii. p. 357.

"Cum non sis qui fueris, non esse cur velis vivere."] Whatever may be the source of this quotation, the sense seems to require est for esse.

"It is most true that was anciently spoken: 'A place showeth the man.'"] The allusion is to the celebrated Greek proverb "ἀρχὴ ἄνδρα δείκνυσι," attributed to Bias, Solon, Pittacus, and others. See Diogenianus, Prov. ii. 94., with the note of Leutsch and Schneidewin.

Essay XII. Of Boldness.—See Antitheta, No. 33. vol. viii. p. 371.

"Question was asked of Demosthenes," &c.] See Cic. de Orat. iii. 56.; Brut. 38.; Plut. Vit. X. Orat. c. 8. By the Greek word ὑπόκρισις, and the Latin word actio, in this anecdote, is meant all that belongs to the acting or delivery of a speech. Bacon appears, by his following remarks, not to include elocution in actio; which was certainly not Cicero's understanding of the word.

"If the hill will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet will go to the hill."] Query, What is the authority for this well-known story?

Essay XIII. Of Goodness.—

"The Turks, a cruel people, nevertheless are kind to beasts, and give alms to dogs and birds; insomuch, as Busbechius reporteth, a Christian boy in Constantinople had like to have been stoned for gagging in a waggishness a long-billed fowl."] A. G. Busbequius, Legationis Turcicæ Epistolæ quattuor, in Epist. iii. p. 107. of his works, Lond. 1660, tells a story of a Venetian goldsmith at Constantinople, who was fond of fowling, and had caught a bird of the size of the cuckoo, and of the same colour; with a beak not very large, but with jaws so wide that, when opened, they would admit a man's fist. This bird he fastened over his door, with extended wings, and a stick in his beak, so as to extend the jaws to a great width, as a joke. The Turks, who were passing by, took compassion on the bird; seized the goldsmith by the neck, and led him before the criminal judge. He was with difficulty saved from an infliction of the bastinado by the interference of the Venetian Bailo. The man told the story to Busbequius, and showed him the bird; who supposed it to be the Caprimulgus, or goat-sucker. A full account of the Caprimulgus Europæus (the bird here alluded to) may be seen in the Penny Cyclopædia, art. Nightjars. It will be observed that Bacon quotes the story from memory, and does not represent the particulars of it with accuracy. It is not a Christian boy, nor is he threatened with stoning, nor is the bird a long-billed fowl.

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"Neither give thou Æsop's cock a gem," &c.] Compare Apophthegms, No. 203. p. 393.

"Such men in other men's calamities are, as it were, in season, and are ever on the loading part."] By "the loading part," seems to be meant the part which is most heavily laden; the part which supports the chief burthen.

"Misanthropi, that make it their practice to bring men to the bough, and yet have never a tree for the purpose in their gardens as Timon had."] Query, What is the allusion in this passage? Nothing of the sort occurs in Lucian's dialogue of Timon.

Essay XIV. Of Nobility.—See Antitheta, No. 1. vol. viii. p. 354.

Essay XV. Of Seditions and Troubles.—

"As Machiavel noteth well, when princes, that ought to be common parents, make themselves as a party," &c.] Perhaps Lord Bacon alludes to Disc. iii. 27.

"As Tacitus expresseth it well, 'Liberius quam ut imperantium meminissent.'"] Mr. Markby is at a loss to trace this quotation. I am unable to assist him.

The verses of Lucan are quoted from memory. The original has, "Avidumque in tempora," and "Et concussa fides."

"Dolendi modus, timendi non item."] Query, Whence are these words taken?

"Solvam cingula regum."] Mr. Markby refers to Job xii. 18.; but the passage alluded to seems to be Isaiah xlv. 1.

The story of Epimetheus is differently applied in Sap. Vet., vol. x. p. 342.

The saying of Cæsar on Sylla is inserted in the Apophthegms, No. 135. p. 379. That of Galba is likewise to be found in Suet. Galb. 16.

Essay XVI. Of Atheism.—See Antitheta, No. 13. vol. viii. p. 360.

"Who to him is instead of a god, or melior natura."] From Ovid, Met. 1. 21. "Hanc deus et melior litem natura diremit."

Essay XVII. Of Superstition.—See Antitheta, No. 13. vol. viii. p. 360.

Essay XIX. Of Empire.—See Antitheta, No. 8. vol. viii. p. 358.

"And the like was done by that league, which Guicciardini saith was the security of Italy," &c.] The league alluded to, is that of 1485. See Guicciardini, lib. i. c. 1.

"Neither is the opinion of some of the school-men to be received, that a war cannot justly be made but upon a precedent injury or provocation."] Grotius lays down the same doctrine as Bacon, De J. B. et P., ii. 1. §§ 2, 3. Query, What school-men are here referred to?

Essay XX. Of Counsel.—See Antitheta, No. 44. vol. viii. p. 377.

Jupiter and Metis.] See Sap. Vet., vol. xi. p. 354.

"For which inconveniences, the doctrine of Italy, and practice of France, in some kings' times, hath introduced cabinet councils: a remedy worse than the disease." By "cabinet councils" are here meant private meetings of selected advisers in the king's own apartment.

"Principis est virtus maxima nosse suos."] From Martial, viii. 15.

"It was truly said, 'Optimi consiliarii mortui.'"] Compare Apophthegms, No. 105.: "Alonzo of Arragon was wont to say of himself, that he was a great necromancer; for that he used to ask counsel of the dead, meaning books."

Essay XXI. Of Delays.—See Antitheta, No. 41. vol. viii. p. 376.

"Occasion (as it is in the common verse) turneth a bald noddle," &c.] See "N. & Q.," Vol. iii., pp. 8. 43., where this saying is illustrated.

Essay XXII. Of Cunning.—

"The old rule, to know a fool from a wise man: 'Mitte ambos nudos ad ignotos, et videbis.'"] Attributed to "one of the philosophers" in Apophthegms, No. 255. p. 404.

"I knew a counsellor and secretary that never came to Queen Elizabeth of England with bills to sign, but he would always first put her into some discourse of estate, that she might the less mind the bills."] King's or queen's bills is a technical expression for a class of documents requiring the royal signature, which is still, or was recently, in use. See Murray's Official Handbook, by Mr. Redgrave, p. 257. Query, To which of Queen Elizabeth's Secretaries of State does Bacon allude? And again, who are meant by the "two who were competitors for the Secretary's place in Queen Elizabeth's time," mentioned lower down?

Essay XXIII. Of Wisdom for a Man's Self.—

"It is the wisdom of rats, that will be sure to leave a house somewhat before it fall."] Query, How and when did this popular notion (now engrafted upon our political language) originate?

"It is the wisdom of crocodiles, that shed tears when they would devour."] This saying seems to be derived from the belief, that the crocodile imitates the cry of children in order to attract their mothers, and then to devour them. See Salgues, Des Erreurs et des Préjugés, tom. ii. p. 406.

Essay XXIV. Of Innovations.—See Antitheta, No. 40. vol. viii. p. 375.

Essay XXV. Of Despatch.—See Antitheta, No. 27. vol. viii. p. 368.

"I knew a wise man, that had it for a by-word, when he saw men hasten to a conclusion, 'Stay a little, that we may make an end the sooner.'"] Mr. Markby says that Sir Amias Paulet is the{144} person alluded to. The saying in Apophthegms, No. 14. p. 414.

"The Spartans and Spaniards have been noted to be of small despatch: 'Mi venga la muerte de Spagna,—Let my death come from Spain, for then it will be sure to be long in coming.'"] The slow and dilatory character of the Lacedæmonians is noted in Thucyd. i. 70.: "Καὶ μὴν καὶ ἄοκνοι πρὸς ὑμᾶς μελλητάς." And again, i. 84.: "Καὶ τὸ βραδὺ καὶ μέλλον, ὃ μέμφονται μάλιστα ἡμῶν." Livy represents the Rhodians making a similar remark to the Roman senate in 167 B.C.: "Atheniensium populum fama est celerem et supra vires audacem esse ad conandum: Lacedæmoniorum cunctatorem, et vix in ea, quibus fidit, ingredientem," xlv. 23. Bayle, in his Pensées sur les Comètes, § 243., has a passage which illustrates the slowness of the Spaniards:—"D'un côté on prévoyoit, que l'empereur et le roi d'Espagne se serviroient de très grandes forces, pour opprimer la chrétienté: mais on prévoyoit aussi de l'autre, qu'ils ne seroient jamais en état de l'accabler, parceque la lenteur et les longues délibérations qui ont toujours fait leur partage, font perdre trop de bonnes occasions. Vous savez la pensée de Malherbe sur ce sujet: S'il est vrai, dit-il dans quelqu'une de ses lettres, que l'Espagne aspire à la monarchie universelle, je lui conseille de demander à Dieu une surséance de la fin du monde."

Essay XXVI. Of seeming wise.—

"Magno conatu nugas."] From Terence, Heaut. iii. 5. 8.: "Ne ista, hercle, magno jam conatu magnas nugas dixerit."

Essay XXVII. Of Friendship.—

"Epimenides the Candian."] Bacon calls the ancient Cretan priest Epimenides a "Candian," as Machiavel speaks of the capture of Rome by the "Francesi" under Brennus. Mr. Pashley, in his Travels in Crete, vol. i. p. 189., shows that Candia is a name unknown in the island; and that among the natives its ancient denomination is still in use. The name Candia has been propagated over Europe from the Italian usage.

"The Latin adage meeteth with it a little: 'Magna civitas, magna solitudo.'"] See Erasm. Adag., p. 1293. It is taken from a verse of a Greek comic poet, which referred to the city of Megalopolis in Arcadia: "Ἐρημία μεγάλη 'στὶν ἡ Μεγάλη πόλις."—Strab. viii. 8. § 1.

"The Roman name attaineth the true use and cause thereof, naming them 'participes curarum.'"] To what examples of this expression does Bacon refer?

"The parable of Pythagoras is dark, but true: 'Cor ne edito.'"] Concerning this Pythagorean precept, see Diog., Laert. viii. 17, 18., cum not.

The saying of Themistocles is repeated in Apophthegms, No. 199. p. 392.

The saying of Heraclitus is repeated, Apophthegms, No. 268.; De Sap. Vet., vol. xi. p. 346. It is alluded to in Nov. Org., ii. 32.: "Quicquid enim abducit intellectum a consuetis, æquat et complanat aream ejus, ad recipiendum lumen siccum et purum notionum verarum."

"It was a sparing speech of the ancients, to say that a friend is another himself."] See Aristot., Mag. Mor. ii. 11.: "Μία φανὲν ψυχὴ ἡ ἐμὴ καὶ ἡ τούτου;" and again, c. 15.: "Τοιοῦτος οἷος ἕτερος εἶναι ἐγὼ, ἀν γε καὶ σφόδρα φίλον τοιήσῃς, ὥσπερ τὸ λεγόμενον 'ἄλλος οὗτος Ἡρακλῆς,' 'ἄλλος φίλος ἐγώ.'" Eth. Eud. vii. 12.: "Ὁ γὰρ φίλος βούλεται εἶναι, ὥσπερ ἡ παροιμία φησὶν, ἄλλος Ἠρακλῆς, ἄλλος οὗτος."

L.

(To be continued.)

THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA.

The interest which the execution of the railroad across the Isthmus of Panama excites, induces me to transmit you the following extract from Gage's New Survey of the West Indies, 8vo., London, 1699.

A few lines relative to the author, of whom but little is known, may be also of use. He was the son of John Gage, of Haling; and his brother was Sir Henry Gage, governor of Oxford, killed at the battle at Culham Bridge, Jan. 11, 1644. His family were of the Roman Catholic faith; and he was sent by his father in 1612 into Spain, to study under the Jesuits, in the hope he would join that society; but his aversion to them led him to enter the Dominican Order at Valladolid, in 1612. His motives were suspected; his father was irritated—threatened to disinherit him and to arouse against him the power of the Jesuits of England if he returned home. He now determined to pass over to the Spanish possessions in South America; but as an order had been issued by the king, forbidding this to any Englishman, it was only by inclosing him in an empty sea-biscuit case, he was able to sail from Cadiz, July 2, 1625. He arrived at Mexico on October 8; and after residing there for some time to recruit himself from the voyage, resolved to abandon a missionary scheme to the Philippine islands he had planned, and accordingly, on the day fixed for their departure to Acapulco, escaped with three other Dominicans for Chispat. He was here well received, and went subsequently to the head establishment at Guatimala. He was soon appointed curate of Amatitlan; and during his residence at this and another district contrived to amass a sum of 9000 piastres, with the aid of which he sought to accomplish his long-cherished desire of returning to England. Many difficulties were in his way; but on the 7th January, 1637, he quitted Amatitlan, traversed the province of Nicaragua, and embarked from the coast of Costa Rica. The ship was soon after boarded by a Dutch corsair, and Gage was robbed of 8000 piastres. He succeeded in reaching Panama, traversed the Isthmus, and sailed from Porto Bello{145} in the Spanish fleet, which reached San Sucar, Nov. 28, 1637. He returned to England after an absence of twenty-four years. His father was dead: he found himself disinherited, and although hardly recognised by his family at first, he met ultimately with kindly treatment. During his residence in S. America, doubts had arisen in his mind as to the truth and validity of the creed and ritual to which he was attached. Whether this was the consequence of reflection from his theological studies, or animated love of change which his conduct at times betrayed, cannot be decided. He resolved to proceed to Italy, and renew his studies there. Upon his return, after a short residence, he renounced Catholicism in a sermon he preached at St. Paul's. About 1642 he attached himself to the Parliament cause, and it is said he obtained the living of Deal in Kent; as the parish registers contain an entry of the burial of Mary daughter, and Mary wife, of Thomas Gage, parson of Deal, March 21, 1652; but when he was married, and whom he married, does not appear. Gage's work has been rather too much decried. It contains matter of interest relative to the state of the Spanish possessions; and his credulity and superstition must be considered in relation to his opportunities and his age. Perhaps some of your readers may contribute farther information concerning him, as the general accounts I have been able to meet with are contradictory and insufficient. The Biographie Universelle states, that it was his Survey of the West Indies that led to the English expeditions to the Spanish Main, which secured Jamaica to the English in 1654, and adds he died there in 1655. The registers at Deal could probably prove this fact; but I confess to doubt as to whether Gage really were the parson alluded to as resident there in 1652. He was evidently of a roving unsteady nature, fond of adventure, and the first to open to English enterprise a knowledge of the state of the Spanish possessions, to prevent which the council of the Indies had passed so many stringent laws. Colbert caused this work to be translated, and it has been often reprinted on the Continent, but much mutilated, as his statements relative to the Roman Catholic priesthood gave offence. A good memoir of Gage is still to be desired. The following is the extract relative to the Isthmus of Panama, West Indies, p. 151.:—

"The Peruvian part containeth all the southern tract, and is tyed to the Mexican by the Isthmus or Strait of Darien, being no more than 17, or, as others say, in the narrowest place, but 12 miles broad, from the north to the south sea. Many have mentioned to the Council of Spain the cutting of a navigable channel through this small Isthmus, so to shorten the voyage to China and the Moluccoes. But the kings of Spain have not yet attempted to do it; some say lest in the work he should lose those few Indians which are left (would to God it were so, that they were or had been so careful and tender of the poor Indians' lives, more populous would that vast and spacious country be at this day), but others say he hath not attempted it lest the passage by the Cape Bona Esperanza (Good Hope) being left off, those seas might become a receptacle for pirates. However, this hath not been attempted by the Spaniards; they give not for reason any extraordinary great charge, for that would soon be recompensed with the speedie and easie conveying that way the commodities from S. to N. seas."

This bears reference to projects before 1625, or during his residence in S. America, between 1625-1637; but Gage could hardly have understood the nature of the Spanish character, and the genius of the government, to speculate upon the cause of their neglect of every useful enterprise for the promotion of commerce and public good.

S. H.

FOLK LORE.

Legends of the County Clare.—On the west coast of Ireland, near the Cliffs of Moher, at some distance out in the bay, the waves appear continually breaking in white foam even on the calmest day. The tradition among the country people is, that a great city was swallowed up there for some great crime, and that it becomes visible once every seven years. And if the person who sees it could keep his eyes fixed on it till he reached it, it would then be restored, and he would obtain great wealth. The man who related the legend stated farther, that some years ago some labourers were at work in a field on the hill side in view of the bay; and one of them, happening to cast his eyes seaward, saw the city in all its splendour emerge from the deep. He called to his companions to look at it; but though they were close to him, he could not attract their attention: at last, he turned round to see why they would not come; but on looking back, when he had succeeded in attracting their attention, the city had disappeared.

The Welsh legend of the Islands of the Blessed, which can only be seen by a person who stands on a turf from St. David's churchyard, bears a curious coincidence to the above. It is not impossible that there may have been some foundation for the vision of the enchanted city at Moher in the Fata Morgana, very beautiful spectacles of which have been seen on other parts of the coast of Ireland.

Francis Robert Davies.

Moon Superstitions (Vol. viii., p. 79.).—In this age of fact and science, it is remarkable that even with the well-informed the old faith in the "change of the moon" as a prognostic of fair and foul weather still keeps its hold. W. W. asks "have we any proof of" the "correctness" of this faith? To suppose that the weather varies with the amount of{146} illuminated surface on the moon would make the change in the weather vary with the amount of moonshine, which of course is absurd, as in that case the clouds would have much more to do with the question than the moon's shadow. But still it may be said the moon may influence the weather as it is supposed to cause the tides. In answer to this I beg to state the opinion of Dr. Ick, who was for upwards of ten years the curator of the Birmingham Philosophical Institute, an excellent meteorologist, geologist, and botanist. He assured me that after the closest and most accurate observation of the moon and the weather, he had arrived at the conclusion that there is not the slightest observable dependence between them.

C. Mansfield Ingleby.

Birmingham.

Warwickshire Folk Lore.—The only certain remedy for the bite of an adder is to kill the offending reptile, and apply some of its fat to the wound. Whether the fat should be raw or melted down, my informant did not say, but doubtless the same effect would be produced in either case.

If a pig is killed in the wane of the moon, the bacon is sure to shrink in the boiling; if, on the other hand, the pig is killed when the moon is at the full, the bacon will swell.

Erica.

Warwick.

Northamptonshire Folk Lore.—There is a singular custom prevailing in some parts of Northamptonshire, and perhaps some of your correspondents may be able to mention other places where a similar practice exists. If a female is afflicted with fits, nine pieces of silver money and nine threehalfpences are collected from nine bachelors: the silver money is converted into a ring to be worn by the afflicted person, and the threehalfpences (i. e. 13½d.) are paid to the maker of the ring, an inadequate remuneration for his labour, but which he good-naturedly accepts. If the afflicted person be a male, the contributions are levied upon females.

E. H.

Slow-worm Superstition (Vol. viii., p. 33.).—As a child I was always told by the servants that if any serpent was "scotched, not killed," it would revive if it could reach its hole before sunset, but that otherwise it must die. Hence the custom, so universal, of hanging any serpent on a tree after killing it.

Seleucus.

A Devonshire Charm for the Thrush.—On visiting one of my parishioners, whose infant was ill with the thrush, I asked her what medicine she had given the child? She replied, she had done nothing to it but say the eighth Psalm over it. I found that her cure was to repeat the eighth Psalm over the infant three times, three days running; and on my hesitating a doubt as to the efficacy of the remedy, she appealed to the case of another of her children who had suffered badly from the thrush, but had been cured by the use of no other means. If it was said "with the virtue," it was, she declared, an unfailing cure. The mention, in this Psalm, of "the mouths of babes and sucklings," I suppose led to its selection.

W. Fraser.

Tor-Mohun.

OLD JOKES.

Every man ought to read the jest-books, that he may not make himself disagreeable by repeating "old Joes" as the very last good things. One book of this class is little more than the copy of another as to the points, with a change of the persons; and the same joke, slightly varied, appears in as many different countries as the same fairy-tale. Seven years ago I found at Prague the "Joe" of the Irishman saying that there were a hundred judges on the bench, because there was one with two cyphers. The valet-de-place told me that when the Emperor and Metternich were together they were called "the council of ten," because they were eins und zero.

It is interesting to trace a joke back, of which process I send an example. In the very clever version of the Chancellor of Oxford's speech on introducing the new doctors (Punch, No. 622.) are these lines:

Ebenezer Grubb, in his description of the opposition in 1814, thus notices Mr. F. Douglas:

"He is a forward and frequent speaker; remarkable for a graceful inclination of the upper part of his body in advance of the lower, and speaketh, I suspect (after the manner of an ancient), with pebbles in his mouth."—New Whig Guide, 1819, p. 47.

In Foote's Patron, Sir Roger Dowlas, an East India proprietor, who has sought instruction in oratory from Sir Thomas Lofty, is introduced to the conversazione:—

"Sir Thomas. Sir Roger, be seated. This gentleman has, in common with the greatest orator the world ever saw, a small natural infirmity; he stutters a little: but I have prescribed the same remedy that Demosthenes used, and don't despair of a radical cure. Well, sir, have you digested those general rules?

Sir Roger. Pr-ett-y well, I am obli-g'd to you, Sir Th-omas.

Sir Thomas. Did you open at the last general court?

Sir Roger. I att-empt-ed fo-ur or five times.

Sir Thomas. What hindered your progress?

Sir Roger. The pe-b-bles.

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Sir Thomas. Oh, the pebbles in his mouth: but they are only put in to practise in private: you should take them out when you are addressing the public."

I cannot trace the joke farther, but as Foote, though so rich in wit, was a great borrower, it might not be new in 1764.

H. B. C.

Garrick Club.

AN INTERPOLATION OF THE PLAYERS: TOBACCO.

I have witnessed the representation of the Twelfth Night as often, during the last five-and-forty years, as I have had an opportunity; and, in every instance, Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and the Clown, in their rollicking orgies, smoke tobacco. Now, this must be an "interpolation of the players;" for not only was tobacco unknown in Illyria, at the period of the story, but Shakspeare does not once name tobacco in his works, and, therefore, was not likely to give a stage-direction for the use of it. The great poet is freely blamed for anachronisms; it is but fair he should have due credit when he avoids them. The stories of his plays are all antecedent to his own time, therefore he never mentions either the drinking of tobacco, or the tumultuous scenes of the ordinary which belonged to it, and which are so constantly met with in his cotemporary dramatists. I see there is a note in my commonplace-book, after some remarks upon Green's Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay, "that this play, though written by a pedant, and a Master of Arts, contains more anachronisms than any one play of Shakspeare's."

Can any of your correspondents learned in stage traditions say when this "smoking interpolation" was first made?

But, Sir, I think I shall surprise some of your readers by pointing out another instance of the absence of tobacco or smoking. In the Arabian Night's Entertainments, which are said to be such faithful pictures of oriental manners, there is no mention of the pipe. Neither is coffee to be met with in those tales, so delightful to all ages. We with difficulty imagine an oriental without his chibauk; and yet it is certain they knew nothing of this luxury before the sixteenth century. At present, such is the almost imperious necessity felt by the Turk for smoking and coffee, that as soon as the gun announces the setting of the sun, during the fast of the Ramada, before he thinks of satisfying his craving stomach with any solid food, he takes his cup of coffee and lights his pipe.—As I think it dishonest to deck ourselves with knowledge that is not self-acquired, I confess to the having but just read this "note" in the last number of the Revue des Deux Mondes, in a fine work upon America by the celebrated savant, M. Ampère.

W. Robson.

Stockwell.

Minor Notes.

Curious Epitaph.—In the Diary of Thomas Moore, Charles Lamb is said at a certain dinner party to have "quoted an epitaph by Clio Rickman, in which, after several lines in the usual jog-trot style of epitaph, he continued thus:

There is an epitaph in the churchyard of Newhaven, Sussex, in which the last of these two lines occurs, but which does not answer in other respects to the character of the one quoted by Lamb. On the contrary, it is altogether eminently quaint, peculiar, and consistent. The stone is to the memory of Thomas Tipper, who departed this life May the 14th, 1785, aged fifty-four years; and the upper part is embellished with a representation, in bas-relief, of the drawbridge which crosses the river, whence it might be inferred that the comprehensive genius of Mr. Tipper included engineering and architecture. The epitaph runs thus:

Is there any reason for supposing this epitaph to have been written by Clio Rickman; and is anything known of Mr. Tipper beyond the biography of his tombstone?

G. J. De Wilde.

Enigmatical Epitaph.—I offer for solution an enigma, copied from a tomb in the churchyard of Christchurch in Hampshire:

"WE WERE NOT SLAYNE BUT RAYSD;
RAYSD NOT TO LIFE,
BVT TO BE BVRIED TWICE
BY MEN OF STRIFE.
WHAT REST COVLD ᵀᴴ LIVING HAVE,
WHEN DEAD HAD NONE?
AGREE AMONGST YOV,
HERE WE TEN ARE ONE.
HEN. ROGERS DIED APRIL 17, 1641.

I. R."

The popular legend is, that the ten men perished by the falling in of a gravel-pit, and that their remains were buried together. This, however, will not account for the "men of strife."

Is it not probable that, in the time of the civil wars, the bodies might have been disinterred for the sake of the leaden coffins, and then deposited in their present resting-place?

{148}

The tomb may have been erected some time afterwards by "I. R.," probably a relative of the "Henry Rogers," the date of whose death is commemorated.

T. J.

Bath.

Books worthy to be reprinted (Vol. vii., pp. 153. 203.).—In addition to those previously mentioned in "N. & Q.," there is one for which a crying necessity exists for a new edition, namely, The Complaynt of Scotland. It is often advertised and otherwise sought for; and when found, can only be had at a most extravagant price. It was originally written in 1548; and in 1801, a limited impression, edited by Dr. Leyden, was published; and in 1829, "Critiques upon it by David Herd, and others, with observations in answer by Dr. Leyden," to the number of seventy copies. The Complaynt of Scotland and Sir Tristrem, an edition of which was edited by Sir Walter Scott, and published in 1804, are two of the oldest works of which the literature of Scotland can boast.

Inverness.

Napoleon's Thunderstorm.—The passage of the Niemen by the French army, and its consequent entry on Russian territory, may be said to have been Napoleon's first step towards defeat and ruin. A terrible thunderstorm occurred on that occasion, according to M. Ségur's account of the Russian campaign.

When Napoleon commenced the retreat, by which he yielded all the country beyond the Elbe (and which, therefore, may be reckoned a second step towards his downfall), it was accompanied by a thunderstorm more remarkable from occurring at such a season. Odelben says:

"C'était un phenomène bien extraordinaire dans un pareil saison, et avec le froid qu'on venait d'éprouver," &c.—Odelben, Camp. de 1813, vol. i. p. 289.

The first step towards his second downfall, or third towards complete ruin, was his advance upon the British force at Quatre-Bras, June 17, 1815. This also was accompanied by an awful thunderstorm, which (although gathering all the forenoon) commenced at the very moment he made his attack on the British rear-guard (about two p. m.), when the first gun fired was instantaneously responded to by a tremendous peal of thunder.

Thunder, to Wellington, was the precursor of victory and triumph. Witness the above-mentioned introduction to the victory of Waterloo; the terrible thunder, that scattered the horses of the dragoons, the eve of Salamanca; also, the night preceding Sabugal. And perhaps some of the Duke's old companions in arms may be able to add to the category.

A. C. M.

Exeter.

Istamboul—Constantinople.—Mr. (afterwards Sir George) Wheler, who took holy orders and became rector of Houghton-le-Spring in the diocese of Durham, makes the following remarks in his Journey into Greece, &c. (fol., Lond. 1682), p. 178.:

"Constantinople is now vulgarly called Stambol by the Turks; but by the Greeks more often Istampoli, which must needs be a corruption from the Greek ... either from Constantinopolis, which in process of time might be corrupted into Stanpolis or Istanpoli; or rather, from it being called πόλις κατ' ἐξοχήνο. For the Turks, hearing the Greeks express their going to Constantinople by εἰς τὴν πόλιν, which they pronounce Is-tin-polin, and often for brevity's sake Stinpoli, might soon ignorantly call it Istanpoli or Stambol, according as either of them came into vogue first. And therefore I think theirs is a groundless fancy who fetch it from the Turkish word Istamboal, which signifies a city full of or abounding in the true faith, the name being so apparently of Greek original."

W. S. G.

Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Queries.

STRUT-STOWERS, AND YEATHERS OR YADDERS.

In the Collection of divers curious Historical Pieces printed by the Rev. Francis Peck at the end of his Memoirs of Oliver Cromwell, is—

"Some account of the Murder of the Hermit of Eskdale-side, near Whitby, in Com. Ebor. by William de Bruce (Lord of Ugle Barnby), Ralph de Peircy (Lord of Snealon), and one Allatson, a Gent., and of the remarkable penance which the Hermit enjoyned them before he died."

The story is briefly this:—On the 16th October, 15 Henry II., De Bruce, De Peircy, and Allatson were hunting the wild boar in Eskdale-side, where was a chapel and hermitage, in which lived a monk of Whitby, who was a hermit. The boar being hotly pursued by the dogs, ran into the chapel and there laid down and died. The hermit shut the door on the hounds, who stood at bay without. The three gentlemen coming up, flew into a great fury, and ran with their boar-staves at the hermit and so wounded him that he ultimately died. The three gentlemen, fearing his death, took sanctuary at Scarborough, but the Abbot of Whitby being in great favour with the king, removed them out of sanctuary, whereby they became liable to the law. The dying hermit (he survived till the 8th December), on the abbot's proposing to put them to death, suggested the following penance, to which, in order to save their lives and goods, they consented, and to which the abbot likewise agreed:

"You and yours shall hold your lands of the Abbat of Whitby and his successors after this manner, viz. upon the eve [or morrow before] Ascension Day, you, or some of you, shall come to the wood of Stray-Head, which is in Eskdale-side, by sun-rising, and there shall{149} the officer of the abbat blow his horn, that ye may know how to find him. And he shall deliver to you, William de Bruce, ten stakes, eleven strut-stowers, and eleven yeathers, to be cut by you, and those that come for you, with a knife of a penny price. And you Ralph de Peircy, shall take one and twenty of each sort, to be cut in the same manner. And you, Allatson, shall take nine of each sort, to be cut as aforesaid. And then ye shall take them on your backs, and carry them to the town of Whitby, and take care to be there before nine of the clock, and at the same hour, if it be a full sea, to cease your service. But, if it be low water at nine of the clock, then each of you shall, the same hour, set your stakes at the edge of the water, each stake a yard from the other, and so yeather them with your yeathers, and stake them on each side with your strut-stowers, that they may stand three tides, without removing by the force of the water. And each of you shall really do, perform, and execute this service yearly at the hour appointed, except it be a full sea, when this service shall cease; in remembrance that ye did most cruelly slay me. And that ye may the more seriously and fervently call upon God for mercy, and repent unfeignedly of your sins, and do good works, the officer of Eskdale-side shall blow, Out on you! Out on you! Out on you! for this heinous crime of yours. And if you or yours shall refuse this service at the aforesaid hour, when it shall not be a full sea, then you shall forfeit all your lands to the Abbat of Whitby and his successors."

There is a similar account, with verbal and other variations, "From a printed copy published at Whitby a few years ago," in Blount's Jocular Tenures, by Beckwith, pp. 557-560. In that account the word, which in Mr. Peck's account is "yeathers," is "yadders." Mr. Beckwith states, "This service is still annually performed."

Sir Walter Scott (Marmion, Canto II. st. 13.) thus alludes to the legend:

In note 2. C. the popular account printed and circulated at Whitby is given. It is substantially the same with that given by Beckwith, but for "strut-stowers" we have "strout-stowers;" and for "yadders" we have "yethers." It appears, also, that the service was not at that time performed by the proprietors in person; and that part of the lands charged therewith were then held by a gentleman of the name of Herbert.

I shall be glad if any of your correspondents will elucidate the terms strut-stowers, and yeathers or yadders.

C. H. Cooper.

Cambridge.

Minor Queries.

Archbishop Parker's Correspondence.—I am now engaged in carrying out a design which has been long entertained by the Parker Society, that of publishing the Correspondence of the distinguished prelate whose name that Society bears. If any of your readers can favour me with references to any letters of the archbishop, either unpublished, or published in works but little known, I shall feel extremely obliged. I add my own address, in order that I may not encumber your pages with mere references. Any information beyond a reference will probably be as interesting to your readers generally as to myself.

John Bruce.

5. Upper Gloucester Street, Dorset Square.

Amor Nummi.—Can any of your correspondents inform me as to the authorship of the following verses?

It must have appeared in an English ministerial paper about the year 1805.—From the Navorscher.

Dionysios.

The Number Nine.—Can any of your mathematical correspondents inform me of the law and reason of the following singular property of the numbers? If from any number above nine the same number be subtracted written backwards, the addition of the figures of the remainder will always be a multiple of nine; for instance—

John Lammens.

Position of Font.—The usual and very significant position of the font is near the church door. But there is one objection to this, viz. that the benches being best arranged facing the chancel, the people cannot without much confusion see the baptisms. This being so, perhaps a better place{150} for the font is at the entrance of the chancel. The holy rite, so edifying to the congregation, as well as profitable to the recipient, can then be duly seen; and the position is tolerably symbolical, expressing as it were "the way that is opened for us into the holiest of all." I am curious to know if there are any ancient examples of this position, and how far the canon sanctions it, which directs that the font be set up in "the ancient usual places" [plural]? While on the subject let me put another Query. The Rubric directs that the font be "then," i. e. just before the baptism, filled with pure water. In what vessel is the water brought, and who fills the font? What are the precedents in this matter? Rules, I think, there are none.

A. A. D.

Aix Ruochim or Romans Ioner.—On the verge of the cliff at Kingsgate, near the North Foreland, is a small castle or fort of chalk and flint, known by the above name. Can any of your readers give any information regarding the date of the erection of this curious edifice? Some of the local guidebooks attribute it to the time of Vortigern, or about 448; but this seems an almost fabulous antiquity.

A. O. H.

Blackheath.

"Lessons for Lent," &c.—Lessons for Lent, or Instructions on the Two Sacraments of Penance and the B. Eucharist, printed in the year 1718. Who was the author?

H.

"La Branche des réaus Lignages."—Have any of your correspondents met with a romance, of which I have a MS. copy, entitled "La Branche des réaus Lignages?" The MS. I possess is evidently a modern copy, and begins thus:

The poem is divided by numbers, probably referring to the pages of the original: beginning with 1292, and ending with 1307. It is also evident, from the first verses themselves, that I have only a fragment before me.—From the Navorscher.

Ganske.

Marriage Service.—Are there any parishes in which the custom of presenting the fee, together with the ring, in the marriage service, as ordered by the rubric, is observed?

E. W.

"Czar" or "Tsar."—Whence the derivation of the title Czar or Tsar? I know that some suppose it to be derived from Cæsar, while others trace it from the terminal -sar or -zar in the names of the kings of Babylon and Assyria: as Phalas-sar, Nebuchadnez-zar, &c. In Persian, sar means the supreme power. I have heard much argument about its origin, and would be much obliged if any reader of "N. & Q." could state the correct derivation of the word.

By which Emperor of Russia was the title first assumed?

J. S. A.

Old Broad Street.

Little Silver.—There are several places in Devonshire so called, villages or hamlets. It is said, they are alway situated in the immediate neighbourhood of a Roman, or some other ancient camp. Hence, some people suppose the name is given to these localities from the number of silver coins frequently found there.

Will any of your correspondents throw light on this subject?

As every one knows, there is also a Silverton in Devonshire—Silver-town par excellence. Is it in any way connected with the "Little Silvers?"

A. C. M.

Exeter.

On Æsop's (?) Fable of washing the Blackamoor.—Is it possible the well-known fable was a real occurrence? The following extract would seem to allude to an analogous fact:

"Counting the labour as endlesse as the maids in the Strand, which endeavoured by washing the Black-a-more to make him white."—Case of Sir Ignoramus of Cambridge, 1648, p. 23.

R. C. Warde.

Kidderminster.

Wedding Proverb.—Is the following distich known in any part of England?—

I met with it in an American book, but it was probably an importation.

Spinster.

German Phrase.—What is the origin of a sarcastic German phrase often used?

"Er erwartet dass der Himmel voll Bassgeigen längt."

L. M. M. R.

German Heraldry.—Where can I refer to a book in which the armorial bearings of all the principal German families are engraved?

Speriend.

Leman Family.—About the middle of the seventeenth century, say 1650 to 1670, two gentlemen left England for America, who are supposed to have been brothers or near relatives of Sir John Leman, who was Lord Mayor of London in 1616. Traditions, which have been preserved in manuscript, and which can be traced back over one{151} hundred years, tell of a correspondence which took place between the said Sir John and the widow of one of the brothers, in relation to her returning to England.

The writer of this (a descendant of one of these gentlemen) is anxious to learn the names of the brothers and near relatives of this Sir John; and whether any evidence exists of their leaving England for America, &c., &c.; and would feel much indebted to any one who would supply the information through your paper.

R. W. L.

Philadelphia.

A Cob-wall.—Why do the inhabitants of Devonshire call a wall made of tempered earth, straw, and small pebbles mixed together, a cob-wall? Walls so constructed require a foundation of stone or bricks, which is commonly continued to the height of about two feet from the surface of the ground. Has the term cob reference to the fact that such a wall is a superstructure on the foundation of stone or brick?

A. B. C.

Inscription near Chalcedon.—In 1675, when Sir Geo. Wheler and his travelling companion visited Chalcedon (as recorded in his Voyage from Venice to Constantinople, fol., Lond. 1682, p. 209.), it was famous only for the memory of the great council held there in A.D. 327, the twentieth of the reign of Constantine the Great:

"The first thing we did (he says) was to visit the metropolitan church, where they say it was kept; but M. Nanteuil assured us that it was a mile from thence, and that he had there read an inscription that mentioneth it. Besides, it is a small obscure building, incapable to contain such an assembly."

Has the inscription here spoken of been noticed by any traveller, and can any of your readers refer to a copy of it; and say whether it is cotemporary, and whether it has been more recently noticed?

W. S. G.

Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Domesday Book.—What does the abbreviation glđ, or gelđ, applied to terra, signify? Also, in the description of places, there is frequently a capital letter, B., or M., or S. before it, as in one case, e. g. "B. terr. glđ wasta." Can any one inform me what it signifies?

In the case of many parishes, it is stated that there was a church there: is it considered conclusive authority that there was not one, if it is not mentioned in Domesday Book?

A. W. H.

Dotinchem.—What modern town in Holland, or elsewhere, bore or bears the name of Dotinchem, at which is dated a MS. missal I have inspected, written in the fifteenth century? The reason for believing the place to be Dutch is, that the Calendar marks the days of the principal saints of Holland with red letters. There are other indications in the Calendar of the missal having been written in and for the use of a community situated where the influence of Cologne, Liège, Maestricht, and Daventer would have been felt.

Perhaps, should the above Query not be answered in England, some correspondent of your Dutch cotemporary the Navorscher may have the goodness to reply to it.

G. J. R. Gordon.

Sidmouth.

"Mirrour to all," &c.—Can you refer me to any possessor of the poetical work entitled a Mirrour to all who love to follow the Wars (or Waves), 4to.: London, printed by John Wolfe, 1589? A copy was sold by Mr. Rodd for six guineas. (See his Catalogue for 1846.)

H. Delta.

Oxford.

Title wanted.—I have a copy of the Pugna Porcorum, the margin of which is covered with illustrative and parallel passages, among which is the following:

I shall be much obliged to any one who will give me the full title to the book from which this is quoted, and any account of it.

G. H. W.

Portrait of Charles I.—Countess Du Barry.—In Bachaumont's Mémoires Secrets, &c., I read the following passage under date of March 25, 1771:

"L'impératrice des Russies a fait enlever tout le cabinet de tableaux de M. le Comte de Thiers, amateur distingué, qui avait une très-belle collection en ce genre. M. de Marigny a eu la douleur de voir passer ces richesses chez l'étranger, faute de fonds pour les acquérir pour le compte du roi.

"On distinguait parmi ces tableaux un portrait en pied de Charles I., roi d'Angleterre, original de Vandyk. C'est le seul qui soit resté en France. Madame la Comtesse Dubarri, qui déploie de plus en plus son goût pour les arts, a ordonné de l'acheter: elle l'a payé 24,000 livres. Et sur le reproche qu'on lui faisait de choisir un pareil morceau entre tant d'autres qui auraient dû lui mieux convenir, elle a répondu que c'était un portrait de famille qu'elle retirait. En effet, les Dubarri se prétendent parents de la Maison des Stuards."

Can you give me any account of this portrait of King Charles by Vandyk, for which the Countess Du Barry paid the sum of 1000l. sterling?

What grounds are there for the allegation, that the Countess was related to the royal House of Stuart?

Henry H. Breen.

St. Lucia.

{152}

Minor Queries with Answers.

"Preparation for Martyrdom."—Can any of your correspondents discover for me the author of the following work?—

"A Preparation for Martyrdom; a Discourse about the Cause, the Temper, the Assistances, and Rewards of a Martyr of Jesus Christ: in Dialogue betwixt a Minister and a Gentleman his Parishioner. Lond. 1681, 4to."

In order to afford somewhat of a clue to this discovery, I send a few extracts from another anonymous work: A Letter to the late Author of the "Preparation for Martyrdom," alluding to various circumstances relating to the author:

"I must confess that I had once as great a veneration for you as for any one [of] your figure in the church; but then you preach'd honestly, and liv'd peaceably; but since pride or ambitious discontent, or some particular respects to some special friends of the adverse party, or something I know not what else, has thrust you upon scribbling, and a design of being popular; since you had forsaken your first love (if ever you had any) to our church and establishment, and appear to be running over ad partem Donati, to the disturbers of our church and peace, you must needs pardon this short reflection, though from an old friend, and sometimes a great admirer of you.

"As for the present establishment, you have (you conclude) as much already from that as you are likely to have, but you claw the democratical party, hoping at long run to see an (English) Parliament; that is, we must know, one that has no French pensioners shuffled into it to blast the whole business, such as will be govern'd by your instructions; and then Presbytery (you trust) will be turn'd up Trump, the Directory once more take place of the Liturgy, and God knows what become of the Monarchy, and Mr. C. be made a great man.

"What an excellent design was that of your Stipulation, which I heard one say was like a new modell'd Independency. 'Twas intended, I suppose, as an expedient to reduce the sheep of your own flock, which through your default chiefly (as is commonly reported) were gone astray; but because this tool could not work, without the force of a law to move it, therefore by law it must have been establisht, and the whole nation forsooth comprehended under it, and all must have set their instruments to your key, and their voices to the tune of B—ley. Oh! had this engine but met with firm footings in Parliament, as was hoped, our English world had been lifted off its pillars long before this day; it had gone round, and in the church all old things had been done away, and everything had appeared new. But, Sir, I trust the foundations of our church stand more sure than to need such silly props as your Catholicon (as you vainly call it) to support 'em.

"What an excellent thing too is your book of Patronage? 'Twere no living for Simon Magus, or any of his disciples here, if those rules you there lay down were but duly attended to.

"But in those two books you showed yourself pragmatical only; but in this of Martyrdom not a little impious, in your unworthy reflections upon almost all the honest people of England since the beginning of the reign of Oliver the First, and some time before; not sparing many loyal worthies' memory who held up a good cause upon their sword points (as you express it) as long as they could; and when they could do so no longer, either dy'd for't, or deliver'd themselves up to the will of the conqueror, yet never (as you) abjur'd the cause. Our rulers you suppose are ill affected (otherwise your talk of Popery at your rate is like that of one that were desirous and in conspiracy to bring in Popery): and, undoubtedly, it had been in already, had not the prayers of Mr. C., and the fifty righteous Non-Cons in every city, prevented it."

Ἁλιέυς.

Dublin.

Reference wanted.—I find, in Blackwood, No. XXXVI. p. 432., a reference to an article in the Edinburgh Review, by Sir D. K. Sandford, on Greek banquets. As I cannot find the article itself, may I ask your assistance?

P. J. F. Gantillon.

N. B.—In the article in Blackwood, p. 441., for "Hegesander" read Hegesippus; p. 444., for "Demgle" read Demglus; p. 450., for "Nausidice" read Nausinicus; p. 455., for "Hesperides" read Hyperides.

Speaker of the House of Commons in 1697.—Who was the Speaker who succeeded Sir John Trevor, and was Speaker of the House of Commons in 1697?

W. Fraser.

Tor-Mohun.

{153}

Replies.

INSCRIPTIONS IN BOOKS.

(Vol. vii. passim.)

Under this head the following translation of part of the inscription at Behistun may be classed. It is, I apprehend, the earliest of this sort of inscription:

"Darius rex dicit: si hanc tabulam, hasque effigies spectas, et iis injuriam facias, et quamdiu tibi proles sit non eas conserves, Oromasdes hostis fiat tibi, et tibi proles non sit, et quod facias id tibi Oromasdes frustretur."

See Rawlinson's "Translation of the Great Persian Inscription at Behistun," par. 17. Asiatic Society's Transactions.

The following is an extract from Maitland's Dark Ages, p. 270., notes 3 and 4:

"Terrible imprecations were occasionally annexed by the donors or possessors of books; as in a sacramentary which Mastene found at St. Benoit sur Loire, and which he supposed to belong to the ninth century. 'Ut si quis eum de Monasterio aliquo ingenio non redditurus abstraxerit cum Juda proditore, Anna et Caipha, portionem æternæ damnationis accipiat. Amen, Amen, Fiat, Fiat.'"

There is a curious instance of this in a manuscript of some of the works of Augustine and Ambrose in the Bodleian Library:

"Liber S. Mariæ de Ponte Roberti, qui eum abstulerit, aut vendiderit, vel quolibet modo ab hâc domo absciderit, sit anathema maranatha. Amen."

In another hand (alienâ manu),—

"Ego Johannes Exōn Epūs, nescio ubi est domus predicta, nec hunc librum abstuli, sed modo legitimo adquisivi."

Also page 283.:

"Liber B. Mariæ de Camberone: si quis eum abstulerit, anathema esto."

In the preface to a late publication (1853), Fragments of the Iliad of Homer from a Syrian Palimpsest, edited by William Cureton, the editor tells us:

"The Palimpsest Manuscript, in which I discovered these fragments of a very ancient copy of the Iliad of Homer, formed a part of the library of the Syrian convent of St. Mary Deipara, in the Valley of the Ascetics, or the Deserts of Nigritia. On the first page of the last leaf the following notice occurs: 'This volume of my Lord Severus belongs to the reverend and holy my Lord Daniel, Bishop of the province of Orrhoa (Edessa), who acquired it from the armour of God, when he was down in the province of the city of Amida, for his own benefit, and that of every one that readeth it. But under the curse of God is he whosoever steals it, or hides or removes it ... or tears, or erases, or cuts off this memorial from it, for ever. And through our Lord Jesus Christ may he who readeth it pray for the same Daniel, that he may find mercy in the day of judgment! Yea, and Amen, and Amen. And upon the sinner who wrote it, may there be mercy in the day of judgment! Amen. But at the end of his life he bequeathed it to this sacred convent of my Lord Silas, which is in Tarug (a city of Mesopotamia), for the sake of the remembrance of himself and of the dead belonging to him. May the Lord have mercy upon him in the day of judgment! Amen. Whosoever removeth this volume from this same convent, may the anger of the Lord overtake him in both worlds to all eternity! Amen.'"

Anon.

In some of Dugdale's MS. volumes in this College is the following, written by himself:

Thomas W. King, York Herald.

College of Arms.

THE DRUMMER'S LETTER.

(Vol. vii., p. 431.)

Mr. Forbes rightly describes the Drummer's Letter in the Sentimental Journey as "not only correctly but elegantly written." There is, moreover, in two or three places, a play upon words, which indicates an intimate acquaintance with the idiomatic turns of the language. But all these circumstances are, to my mind, only so many grounds for the belief that the French of the letter is not Sterne's.

If we are to judge of Sterne's French from the samples to be met with in Tristram Shandy and the Sentimental Journal, there is ample evidence that his knowledge of that language was somewhat superficial. I shall give a few examples.

Your readers are familiar with the incident in Tristram Shandy, where the Abbess and Margarita, having occasion to make use of two very coarse and indecent expressions, resort to the ludicrous expedient of splitting them in two, each pronouncing a separate syllable. Those words are scandalously common in the mouths of Frenchmen; and yet Sterne seems so little aware of the correct spelling of them, that he makes the poor nuns give utterance to two words, one of which, "bouger," means "to move," and the other, "fouter," is unknown to the French language.

Farther on, in chapter xxxiv., the commissary employs the expression "C'est tout égal;" but this is merely the translation of our English phrase "'Tis all one." The French say "C'est égal," but never "C'est tout égal."

In the Sentimental Journey, under the head of "The Bidet," La Fleur is made to say "C'est un cheval le plus opiniâtre du monde." Now, the man who could write the Drummer's Letter would not have applied the epithet "opiniâtre"{154} to a horse; and, at any rate, he would have said "C'est le cheval le plus opiniâtre du monde."

In the chapter headed "The Passport," and also in another place, we have the phrase "Ces Messieurs Anglais sont des gens très extraordinaires." This should be "Messieurs les Anglais," &c.

Again, under the head of "Characters," Count de B. says, "But if you do support it, M. Anglais, you must do it with all your powers." This "M. Anglais" is our "Mr. Englishman." The correct expression is "M. l'Anglais"—Mr. the Englishman.

I might add other instances; but these, I trust, are sufficient to warrant the opinion that the Drummer's Letter, in its present shape, was not written by Sterne.

Henry H. Breen.

St. Lucia.

OLD FOGIES.

(Vol. vii., p. 632.)

At the place above referred to, Mr. Keightley puts to me several Queries; but being resident in the country, I had not an opportunity of seeing them till the 15th instant, and it took some days to get the information that would enable me to answer them.

I have now obtained the most ample evidence of the existence, in the latter part of the last, and the beginning of the present, centuries, of the existence of a peculiar body of men called the Fogies, in Edinburgh Castle. My informants agree in describing them as old men, dressed in red coats with apple-green facings, and cocked hats. One says that they fired the Castle guns; another says that he understood them to be the keepers, or, as we might say, the warders of the Castle, and that they were sometimes brought into the town to assist in quelling riots; and this gentleman's recollection of them goes back to 1784 at least. But the oldest date I have been able to get is from a much respected friend, the retired Town Clerk of Edinburgh, who writes to me thus: "I have a most vivid recollection of the Castle Foggies. They were an invalid company, and my recollection of them goes as far back at least as 1780, when I was at Stalker's English school in the Lawnmarket."

To the testimony of these still living witnesses, I have to add that of Dr. Jamieson, who gives the word in his Dictionary as one of common and well-known use in Scotland in his time, 1759-1808; though he may have mistaken in supposing it to be exclusively Scottish. It was for his testimony to this fact that I referred to Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, and not for his etymology, for I am not so much of a "true Scot" as to consider him infallible in that department. I have not leisure at present to search any farther for the word in books, but in the meantime I presume to think the evidence I have procured of its use in Scotland, will carry us nearly as far back as Mr. Keightley's for its use in Ireland.

I cannot pretend to much acquaintance with the Swedish language, but I was quite well aware that that "is what is meant by the mysterious Su.-G." I was also aware that in the kindred Teutonic tongues the word runs through the various forms of vogt, fogat, phogat, voget, voogd, fogde, foged, fogeti, with the meaning of bailiff, steward, preses, watchman, guard or protector, tutor, overseer, judge, mayor, policeman; and I doubt not that fogie belongs to the same family, though it has lost its tail. Mr. Keightley does not need to be told that words frequently degenerate in meaning, falling from the noblest to the basest, from the purest to the most obscene. Is there then anything improbable in supposing that a word once applied to the governor or chief keeper of a castle, came at last to be applied to all, even the meanest, of his subordinates? Dr. Jamieson asserts that the word fogde in the Su.-G. has actually had that fate; can Mr. Keightley controvert him?

As a proof, quantum valeat, that the Castle fogies were so called for some other reason than merely because of their being "old folks," I may mention that there was in Edinburgh, for more than a century, another body of veterans, called the Town Guard, or City Guard, maintained by the magistrates as a sort of military police, or gendarmerie, and finally disbanded in 1817. This corps was generally recruited from old soldiers; and during the period of my acquaintance with them (9½ years) they were all aged, and some of them very old men; yet I never heard the word fogies applied to them. On the contrary, they were always distinguished from the fogies by the elegant appellation of the "Toon Rottens," or Town Rats, as well as by their facings, which were dark blue. Some, indeed, of my younger friends, who remember the "Rats" very well, say they never heard of the "Fogies" at all; only one of them, who lived when a boy at the Castle Hill, perhaps about forty years ago, recollects of the word "fogie" as being then applied to the soldiers of the ordinary veteran or garrison battalions, with blue facings, that had superseded the fogies in the keeping of the Castle; but of the veritable apple-green fogies of the older establishment, he has no remembrance. As my own recollections of Edinburgh go back to 1808, the fogies, I presume, must have been by that time extinct, for I never saw any of them, though I frequently heard them spoken of by those who had seen them.

I may mention also that while "fogie" was in use, and of well understood application in Scotland,{155} the phrase "old folks," or, to write it according to our vernacular pronunciation, "auld fo'k," was also, and continues to be, in general and familiar use; but nobody in Scotland, I dare say, ever imagined that "the auld fo'k" of his ordinary acquaintance were just "old fogies," or had anything whatever to do with that peculiar class of men, properly so called, the keepers of the royal castles. It is most remarkable, also, that while the corrupt derivative, as Mr. Keightley says "old fogie" is, has been almost quite forgotten among us, having disappeared with the men that bore the name of fogies, the parent form, as he would have "old folks" or "auld fo'k" to be, should remain in full vigour and common use, as part of our living speech. In a word, from all I can learn it would appear that the word "fogie," in its most general acceptation, means by itself, without the "old," an old soldier; and that "old fogie" is only a tautological form, arising from ignorance of its meaning. Be its origin, however, what it may, I have no hesitation now in expressing my conviction that Mr. Keightley's etymology of the word is utterly groundless.

J. L.

City Chambers, Edinburgh.

DESCENDANTS OF JOHN OF GAUNT.

(Vol. vii., p. 628.)

All persons will, I think, agree with Mr. Warden in his very just complaint of the carelessness with which many of the English Peerages are compiled. It would be a task, little short of a new compilation, to correct the errors and inaccuracies with which many of these productions abound, the less pardonable now, because of the facilities afforded for consulting the Public Records, should even our older genealogists, without such aids, be in some degree excused; but as Mr. Warden invites, by a personal appeal, the rectification of a chronological error which has crept into all the Peerages, founded upon the authority of Dugdale, respecting the period of the death of Thomas, sixth Lord Fauconberge, I am induced to send you a few Notes, which a recent examination of the Records in the Tower of London has supplied.

When the facts are made patent, there will be no need to dwell upon the inconsistencies pointed out by Mr. Warden, and the alleged incompatibility in regard to age for an union between two persons of some note in family history, the son of the first Earl of Westmoreland and his Countess Joan and the daughter and heir of the Lord Fauconberge, who formed an alliance from which the co-heirs are, it is believed, represented at this day.

The birth of William Nevill, Lord Fauconberge, afterwards created Earl of Kent, second son of a marriage which took place early in, or just before, the year 1397, may be assigned to in or about the year 1400; and we shall presently see that his future wife was born on the 18th of October, 1406, and married to him before the 1st of May, 1422.

Walter, fifth Lord Fauconberge, died on the 29th of September, 1362 (Esc. 36 Edw. III., 1st part, No. 77.), leaving a son Thomas (issue of his first marriage with Matilda, sister and co-heir of Sir William de Pateshull, Kt., Esc. 33 Edw. III., 1st part, No. 40., and Rot. Orig., 34 Edw. III., Ro. 2.), then a minor, under eighteen years of age.

Thomas, who was born circa 1345, was already in 1362 married to his first wife Constancia, by whom he does not appear to have left any issue surviving. His was rather an eventful life; some incidents not noticed by Dugdale will be briefly cited. On the 10th of August, 1372, being then a knight or chivaler, he had letters of protection on going abroad in the king's service, in the company of Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick (Rot. Franc., 46 Edw. III.). Here it seems he forgot his allegiance, and having gone over to the French side was branded "tanquam proditor domini Regis Angliæ" (Esc. 5 Ric. II., No. 67., 6 Ric. II., No. 180., and 11 Ric. II., No. 59.). Can this have been the origin of the error in assigning his death to the year 1376? He was, however, yet living in 1401, as in that year he succeeded to the reversion of the estates which his step-mother Isabella (a sister of Sir John Bygot, Chivaler), the widow of Walter Lord Fauconberge, held in dower (Esc. 2 Hen. IV., No. 47.). Not long after this, and apparently a few years only before his death, and when somewhat advanced in years, he married a second time. I have not been able to ascertain to what family his wife Joan, or Johanna, belonged, but she survived her husband only a short time. About the period of his marriage, too (9th August, 1405), an occurrence of some importance to his descendants is recorded, namely, a grant by the king to Sir Thomas Bromflete and Sir Robert Hilton, of the custody and governance of all his estates in England, which had come into the king's hands "ratione ideociæ Thomæ Fauconberge, Chivaler," to hold during the life of the said Thomas. This grant, however, was in the following year, on 24th December, 1406, revoked and annulled, because the said Thomas had proved before the king and his council in Chancery, "quod ipse sanæ discretionis hactenus fuerit et ad tunc existat," and he was thereupon re-admitted to his estates which had descended to him "jure hæreditario post mortem Walteri Fauconberge patris sui, cujus hæres ipse est" (Rot. Pat., p. 1., 8 Hen. IV., m. 16.). He had only a few months before (15th February, 1406) obtained from the king livery of an estate which had come to him in{156} 1375 as one of the co-heirs, on his mother's side, of his grandmother Mabilia, a sister of Otho de Graunson, upon the death without issue of Thomas de Graunson, son of the said Otho. (Rot. Pat., p. 1., 7 Hen. IV., m. 6.)

Was there in fact any real ground for the suggestion of Lord Fauconberge's idiocy? This is one of the gravest imputations that can be cast upon a family, and it is a most unpardonable presumption to make it lightly and without justice; but it is somewhat singular that nearly fifty years afterwards, his only daughter and heir, born at the very period when this charge was being refuted, and when he himself was upwards of sixty years of age, became the subject of a commission issued to inquire of her alleged imbecility and idiocy. The commissioners sat at Gisburn in Cleveland in the county of York, on the 28th of March, 1463, and it was then found by the inquest that "Johanna Fauconberge nuper comitissa de Kent, fatua et ydeota est, et a nativitate sua semper fuit, ita quod se terras et tenementa sua neque alia bona sua regere scit, aut aliquo tempore scivit:" the jury also returned that she had not alienated any lands or tenements since the death of William, late Earl of Kent, her late husband. That Joan, the wife of Sir Edward Bethom, Kt., thirty years old and upwards, Elizabeth, the wife of Richard Strangeways, Esq., twenty-eight years old and upwards, and Alice, wife of John Conyers, Esq., twenty-six years old and upwards, were the daughters and heirs, as well of the said William the late earl, as of the said Joan the late countess. (Esc. 3 Edw. IV., No. 33.)

Thomas Lord Fauconberge died on the 9th of September, 1407, leaving the above-mentioned Joan, or Johanna, his daughter and heir, an infant of one year old. (Esc. 9 Hen. IV., No. 19.; see also Esc. 9 Hen. V., No. 42.) His widow Joan had assignment of dower after her husband's death on 20th October, 1408, and she herself died in the following year, on the 4th of March, 1409. (Esc. 10 Hen. IV., No. 15.) A later inquisition, however, taken on 1st of April, 1422 (Esc. 10 Hen. V., No. 22ᵃ.), states that the said Joan, widow of Sir Thomas Fauconberge, Chivaler, died on the 23rd of June, 1411. The first date is most probably the correct one, as a fact would be more likely to be accurately stated by a jury impanneled a few months only after the event recorded, than by an inquest taken after an interval of twelve or thirteen years.

On the formal proof of age (Esc. 10 Hen. V., No. 22ᵇ.) of Joan Fauconberge, daughter and heir of Thomas Lord Fauconberge and Joan his wife, taken at Northallerton, in the county of York, on the 1st of May, 10 Henry V., 1422, she was described as the wife of William Neville. She appears to have been born at Skelton in the said county, and baptized in the church there on the feast of Saint Luke the Evangelist (18th of October), 1406; and on the same feast in 1421, being the 9th of Henry V., she had accomplished her fifteenth year. Dugdale (tom. ii. p. 4.) has fallen into a singular mistake in alluding to this event, not to speak of the obvious inconsistency which those writers who follow his account have introduced in assigning the year of Lord Fauconberge's decease to 1372, thus making the daughter's birth to have occurred more than thirty years after her father's death. It is this:—One of the witnesses, who speaks to the period of the baptism of Joan, was named Thomas Blawefrount the elder, fifty years of age and upwards, and the reason assigned by him for his remembrance of the event is as follows: "Et hoc scit eo quod Isabella filia prædicti Thomæ desponsata fuit cuidam Johanni Wilton, et idem Thomas fuit ad sponsalia eodem die quo præfata Johanna baptizata fuit, propter quod bene recolit quod præfata Johanna fuit ætatis prædictæ." Dugdale has by a strange oversight made the Isabella here described to be the daughter of Thomas Fauconberge, and sister of Joan, instead of the witness' own daughter.

It is not quite evident, from the language of the document which records the imbecility of the Countess of Kent in March 1463, whether she was then actually dead. It appears, however, clear that she survived her husband, who lived but a few months to enjoy his newly acquired dignity.

The account given by Dugdale of John, son of Thomas Lord Fauconberge, is scarcely intelligible. He says this lord "left issue John, his son and heir," and subsequently adds, "which John died without issue in the lifetime of his father."

Lord Fauconberge may have had a son by his former wife, but I have seen nothing to confirm this supposition. By an inquisition taken after the death of Sir Walter Fauconberge, Chivaler, at Bedford, on the 18th of November, 1415, it was found that Joan, widow of one Sir John Fauconberge, Chivaler, deceased, whom Thomas Brounflete, junior, afterwards married, was then living, and that she granted to the said Sir Walter all the estate which she had in certain rents payable by Matilda Wake, formerly the wife of Sir Thomas Wake, Chivaler; that the said Sir Walter died on the 1st of September, 1415, but the jurors knew not who was his heir. (Esc. 3 Hen. V., No. 15.) Dugdale (vol. ii. p. 234.) cites a feoffment dated 9 Hen. IV., 1407-8, which shows that Thomas Brounflete, Esq., was then married to the said Joan, and consequently that Sir John Fauconberge was dead at that time.

I must close this, for I fear I have now exceeded the limits which your valuable paper may, with justice to others, spare to subjects of this nature.

William Hardy.

{157}

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Lining of Cameras.—I find nothing so good to line a camera with as black velvet; for, black the inside of a camera as you will, if it is hard wood or any size used, there will be reflection from the bottom, which, with very sensitive plates, gives a dulness which, I think I may say, is caused by this reflection. I think even the inside of the lens tube might advantageously be lined with black velvet.

W. M. F.

Cyanuret of Potassium.—I have been using lately 12 grs. of cyanuret of potassium in 1 oz. of water for clearing the collodion plates, instead of hypo. There is one advantage, that there are no crystals formed if imperfectly washed, which is too common with hypo. You must take care to well wash off the developing fluid, whether pyrogallic, protonitrate, or protosulphite: if you use the latter 40-grains strong, the whitest pictures can be obtained, nearly as white as after bichloride of mercury. A good formula to make it is—

This I know to act well with care, and it will keep a long time.

I find protonitrate solution—

mixed in a proportion of 8 to 4, with a 3-grain solution of pyrogallic—a very nice developing mixture; and, if poured back again after being used, will suffice 6 or 8 times over; but it is best new.

W. M. F.

Minuteness of Detail on Paper.—Being fond of antiquarian studies, and having learned from "N. & Q." the value of photography to the archæologist, I have serious thoughts of taking up the practice of the art. Before doing so, however, I am anxious to learn how far that minuteness of detail which I so much prize, and which is of such value to the antiquary, is to be obtained by any of the processes on paper. I have seen some specimens produced by collodion which certainly exhibit that quality in an eminent degree. Is anything approaching to such minuteness attainable by any of the Talbotype processes?

F. S. A.

Stereoscopic Angles.—I think there can be little doubt that Mr. T. L. Merritt (Vol. viii., p. 110.) has solved the problem as to stereoscopic angles: there can be no reason why one angle should be used for near objects, and another for distant. A true representation of nature is required: and, as we cannot view any object with one of our eyes eighteen or twenty feet separate from the other, so it appears to me a true picture cannot be obtained by taking two views so far apart. The result must be to dwarf the objects; and, in confirmation of this, I may state that I was not convinced that the stereoscopic views were taken from nature till I understood the cause of their reduction. All views that I have been able to purchase, of out-door nature, appear to me to be taken from models, and not from the objects themselves.

A view of a tower conveys the idea, not of a tower of stone and lime, but of a very careful model in cardboard; and this is exactly what might be expected from taking the views at so wide an angle. A church is seen, as it would be seen by a giant whose eyes were twenty feet apart, or as we would see a small model of it near at hand.

I hope that some of your photographic correspondents will settle this question, by taking views of the same object both by the wide and close angle, and, by comparing them, ascertain which conveys to the mind the truest representation of nature.

T. B. Johnston.

Edinburgh.

Sisson's developing Solution (Vol. vii., p. 462.).—Will you be so good as to ask Mr. Sisson if he finds the above to answer as a bath to plunge the plate into, instead of pouring on, as in the case of pyrogallic?

He is entitled to the warm thanks of all photographers for the discovery of a solution which produces such pleasing tints with so much ease; and it needs but the qualification I inquire after to render it perfect. I have used it when at least three weeks made, and am not sure that it is not even better than when fresh.

S. B.

P.S.—Why not devote a little more space to this fascinating art in "N. & Q."? I think, if anything, it grows less latterly.

Multiplying Photographs.—In Vol. viii., p. 60., you reprint a communication from Sir W. Herschel which has appeared in The Athenæum.

{158}

It describes a method of printing from glass negatives, but there being no cut renders the meaning somewhat obscure.

In the last number of the Photographic Journal (21st ult.), some mention is made of this letter. They say it proves to be one already long in use, Mr. Kilburn having practised it for four years. I am very desirous of obtaining more information about it. I want to know the length of the box or camera required; and also the focus of the lens, and the best size. Probably Mr. Kilburn or Sir W. Herschel would one of them be so kind as to say.

W. M. F.

What kind of lens should be used for taking enlarged copies of glass negatives according to Mr. Stewart's plan? and will the same lens also diminish the picture? Will not the usual camera lens act?

Ply.

Would you have the goodness to explain, in some detail, the two methods by which Mr. Stewart and Mr. Kilburn multiply photographs in a reduced or magnified size; the one by reflected light, the other by transmitted. Mr. Stewart's experiments are upon glass, Mr. Kilburn's on cameras and daguerreotypes. I have never seen any description of this latter process, or of the method of preparing the stereoscope objects: vide Athenæum, July 30, 1853.

I observe with great pleasure that the cost of apparatus is becoming less, &c.

Amateur.

Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate of Silver? (Vol. viii., p. 134.).—No: it is now generally used as the best of marking inks, without preparation; and we have never yet heard of an explosion from its use. Mr. Delamotte has evidently confounded this preparation with the chloride of silver precipitated with strong ammonia, which, when dried, forms the article known as fulminating silver; or by adding to the oxide of silver lime-water, and afterwards a strong solution of ammonia, a black powder is thrown down, which, when dried, is known as Berthollet's fulminating silver. There is also one other, formed by adding chloric acid to oxide of silver; after drying this, and then adding potassa to a solution of it, the precipitate, by again being dried, becomes an explosive compound.

The photographer forms a weak solution for his purpose with one of the least soluble and weakest of the ammoniacal preparations, and which, by drying around the stopper of the bottle, is very unlikely to become explosive, from its wanting the addition of another element as necessary to the formation of an explosive compound. For my own part, I must say, that I have found, from experience, all the compound solutions of silver keep much better, and the photogenic effect more satisfactory, by mixing only so much as I may require for immediate use, at this time of the year especially.

J. H.

Replies to Minor Queries.

Burke's Marriage.—I am obliged to Mr. Gantillon (Vol. viii., p. 134.), but the authority referred to does not answer my questions (Vol. vii., p. 382.): When and where was Burke married? There is no doubt as to who he married. But some biographers say the ceremony took place in 1766, others in 1767. Some leave it to be inferred that he was married at Bath, others in London.

B. E. B.

Stars and Flowers (Vol. iv., p. 22.; Vol. vii., pp. 151. 341. 513.).—To the passages quoted from Cowley, Longfellow, Hood, Moir, and Darwin, may be added the following ingenious application of this metaphorical language:—

Bibliothecar. Chetham.

Odour from the Rainbow (Vol. iii. pp. 224. 310.).—This idea has been traced to Bacon's Sylva, Browne's Britannia's Pastorals, Snow's Miscellaneous Poems, and to a Greek writer referred to by Coleridge. Georgius de Rhodes, in his Peripatetic Philosophy, mentions the same effect of the rainbow, and quotes Pliny:

"Dico sexto, iridis effectus duos præcipue numerari. Primus est, quod plantas, arbores, frutices, quibus incubuerit, efficit odorationes. Tradunt, inquit Plinius lib. xii. c. 24., in quocunque frutice incurvetur cœlestis arcus, eandem quæ sit aspalato suavitatem odoris existere; aspalato autem inenarrabilem quandam. Terra etiam ipsa suavius halare dicitur."

In the annotations on Pliny, in loco, Aristotle is referred to in Problem. Quæst. xii.

Bibliothecar. Chetham.

Judges styled Reverend (Vol. iv., pp. 151. 198).—The following is an extract from the title of a small octavo volume, printed for the assignees of{159} John More, Esq., London, 1635, which lately came into my hands:—La novel Natura Brevium du Juge Tresreverend Monsieur Anthony Fitzherbert; with a new table by William Rastall. The preface is headed as follows:—"La Preface sur cest lieuz compose per le Reverend Justice Anthony Fitzherbert."

Anthony Fitzherbert was appointed Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in 1523, and died in 30 Hen. VIII. William Rastall was appointed Serjeant-at-law in 1554, and one of the Justices of the Common Pleas in 1558: it would seem, therefore, that as Rastall is not styled "Serjeant-at-law" in the title-page of the book when he made a new table to its contents, that the complimentary style of Reverend, as applicable to the judges, was used at least as late as the middle of the sixteenth century.

Thomas W. King, York Herald.

College of Arms.

Jacob Bobart (Vol. viii., p. 37.).—I beg to supply the following additional particulars relating to the Bobart family. In the Correspondence of Dr. Richardson, edited by Mr. Dawson Turner, will be found a letter from Bobart junior to the Doctor, with a reference to two other letters. In pages 9, 10, and 11, a copious note respecting the Bobart family, by the editor, is given. A short notice of Bobart jun. also appears in the Memoirs of John Martyn, Professor of Botany at Cambridge. The following epitaph on Bobart jun. is in Amherst's Terræ Filius, 1726:

In the preface to Mr. Nichols' work on Autographs, among other albums noticed by him as being in the British Museum, is that of David Krieg, with Jacob Bobart's autograph, and the following verses:

"VIRTUS SUA GLORIA.

Think that day lost whose descending sun,

Views from thy hand no noble action done.

Your success and happyness

Is sincerely wished by

Ja. Bobart, Oxford."

Mr. Richardson's engraved portrait of Bobart the Elder is only a copy of Burghers' engraving, so highly spoken of by Granger, and cannot, therefore, be nearly so valuable as the latter.

Garlichithe.

"Putting your foot into it" (Vol. viii., p. 77.).—W. W. is certainly "Will o' the Wisp" himself. We must not allow him to lead us into Asia, hunting for the origin of a saying which is nothing more than a coarse allusion to an accident that happens day after day to every heedless or benighted pedestrian in England; but if a foreign origin must be found for this saying, let us travel to Greece rather than to Hindostan, and we shall see in the writings of Æschylus:

C. Forbes.

Temple.

Simile of the Soul and the Magnetic Needle (Vol. vi., pp. 127. 207. 280. 368. 566.; Vol. vii., p. 508.).—We have all overlooked the following use of this simile in Thomas Hood's poem, addressed to Rae Wilson:

C. Mansfield Ingleby.

Birmingham.

The Tragedy of Polidus (Vol. vii., p. 499.).—This tragedy, printed at London 1723, 12mo., has a farce appended to it called All Bedevil'd, or the House in a Hurry. Browne was patronised by Hervey, the author of the Meditations. The scene of the drama is in Cyprus. The lover of Polidus, "the banished general," and Rosetta, daughter to Orlont, chief favourite to the king, form the groundwork of the plot. My copy was formerly in the collection of plays which belonged to Stephen Jones, author of the Biographia Dramatica.

J. Mt.

Robert Fairlie (Vol. vii., p. 581.).—In answer to the Query as to Robert Fairley, or more properly Fairlie, I may mention that there is in my possession a presentation by the Faculty of Advocates, dated July 27, 1622, to "Robert Fairlie, son lawfull to Umquhill Robert Fairlie, goldsmith, Burgh of Edinburgh, to the said bursar place and haill immunities quhill he pass his course of Philosophie," in the College of Edinburgh. This undoubtedly was the author of the two very rare little poetical volumes referred to; and it proves, from the use of the word "Umquhill," that his father was then dead.

There is an error in stating that the Kalendarium is dedicated to the Earl of Ancrum. In the copy before me it is inscribed "Illustrissimo et Nobilissimo Domino, Domino Roberto Karo Comiti a Summerset," &c. The other work is the one dedicated to Lord Ancrum. I have both works, and they certainly were costly, as I gave five guineas for them. They had originally been priced at ten guineas.

A Bursary, according to Jamieson, is "the endowment given to a student in a university, an exhibition." It is believed that Fairlie was of the Ayrshire family of that name.

J. Mt.

{160}

"Mater ait natæ," &c. (Vol. vii., pp. 247, 248.).—When calling attention to these lines in "N. & Q." (Vol. vii., p. 155.), I at the same time asked if such a relationship as that mentioned in them was ever known to exist? This Query was very kindly and satisfactorily answered by your correspondents Anon and Tye. But, remarkable as were the instances mentioned by them of the two old ladies in Cheshire and Limington, who could speak to their descendants in a female line to the fifth generation, still that I am now to record of an old man in Montenegro is much more singular, as he could converse with his lineal descendants in an uninterrupted male line one generation farther from him, (i. e.) to the sixth. The case is too well authenticated to admit of a doubt, and until some one of your correspondents shall favour me with another equally to be credited, it will remain in the columns of "N. & Q." as the only one known to its readers:—

"Colonel Vialla de Sommières, a Frenchman, who was for a long time governor of the province of Catano, mentions a family he saw in a village of Montenegro, which reckoned six generations. The venerable head of the family was 117 years old, his son 100, his grandson 82, great-grandson 60, and the son of this last, who was 43, had a son aged 21, whose child was 2 years old!"

W. W.

Malta.

Sir John Vanbrugh (Vol. viii., p. 65.).—Anon. points at Chester as the probable birthplace of the above knight, named in Mr. Hughes's Query. Now, Mr. Davenport, in his Biog. Dict., p. 546. (wherein is a wood-engraved portrait of Sir John), states that he was born in London, about 1672; but, supposing his place of nativity was, as your correspondent suggests, Chester, it might very easily be ascertained by searching the parochial register of that city in or about the above year.

Garlichithe.

Fête des Chaudrons (Vol. viii., p. 57.).—Some account of this fête will probably be found in Ducange's Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis. I have not a copy of the work at hand for reference.

John Macray.

Oxford.

Murder of Monaldeschi (Vol. viii., p. 34.).—The following account of this event is taken from the Biographie Universelle, article "Christine, reine de Suède:"

"Cet Italien avait joui de toute la confiance de la reine, qui lui avait révélé ses pensées les plus secrètes. Arrivée à Fontainebleau, elle l'accusa de trahison, et résolut de le faire mourir. Un religieux de l'ordre de la Trinité, le P. Lebel, fut appelé pour le préparer à la mort. Monaldeschi se jeta aux pieds de la reine et fondit en larmes. Le religieux, qui a publié lui-même un récit de l'événement, fit à Christine les plus fortes représentations sur cet acte de vengeance qu'elle voulait exercer arbitrairement dans une terre étrangère et dans le palais d'un grand souverain; mais elle resta inflexible, et ordonna à Sentinelli, capitaine de ses gardes, de faire exécuter l'arrêt qu'elle avait prononcé. Monaldeschi, soupçonnant le danger qu'il courait, s'était cuirassé: il fallut le frapper de plusieurs coups avant qu'il expirât, et la galerie des Cerfs, où se passa cette scène révoltante, fut teinte de son sang. Pendant ce temps, Christine, au rapport de plusieurs historiens, était dans une pièce attenante, s'entretenant avec beaucoup de calme de choses indifférentes; selon d'autres rapports, elle fut présente à l'exécution, accabla Monaldeschi de reproches amers, et contempla ensuite son cadavre sanglant avec une satisfaction qu'elle ne chercha point à dissimuler. Que ces détails soient fondés ou non, la mort de Monaldeschi est une tache ineffaçable à la mémoire de Christine, et c'est à regret qu'on voit sur la liste de ses apologistes le nom du fameux Leibnitz."

In the answer which Queen Christina sent to the objections made in Poland to her election as their sovereign, occurs the following passage:

"Le Père dira en témoignage de la vérité, que cet homme me força de le faire mourir par la trahison la plus noire qu'un serviteur puisse faire à son maître; que je n'ordonnai sa mort, qu'après l'avoir convaincu de son crime par les lettres en original écrites de sa propre main, et après de lui avoir fait avouer à lui-même, en présence de trois témoins, et du Père prieur de Fontainebleau: qu'ils savent qu'il dit lui-même: 'Je suis digne de mille morts,' et que je lui fis donner les sacremens dont il était capable avant que de le faire mourir."—Mémoires concernant Christine, Amst. et Leipzig, 1759, tom. iii. pp. 386-7.

Ἁλιέυς.

Dublin.

Your correspondent will find an account of this affair in the Appendix to Ranke's History of the Popes.

T. K. H.

Land of Green Ginger (Vol. viii., p. 34.).—It is so called from the sale of ginger having been chiefly carried on there in early times. As far as I can recollect, none of the local histories gives any derivation of the name; those of Gent and Frost certainly do not, and this is the one generally received by the inhabitants. Salthouse Lane and Blanket Row are other streets, which may be referred to as having obtained their names in a similar way.

R. W. Elliot.

Clifton.

An inhabitant of Hull has informed me that this street was so named by a house-proprietor whose fortune had been made in the West Indies, and I think by the sweetmeat trade.

T. K. H.

Unneath (Vol. vii., p. 631.).—It strikes me that your correspondents Mr. C. H. Cooper and E. G. R., in reply to Mr. Wright's inquiry respecting the{161} use of the word "unneath," used in Parnell's Fairy Tale, have fallen into a slight mistake in supposing that the seemingly old words used in this poem are really so. I make no doubt that Mr. Halliwell is correct in noting the word "unneath" as signifying "beneath," in the patois of Somerset; but I gravely suspect that Parnell had picked up the word out of our older poets, and used it in the passage quoted without consideration.

The true meaning of "unneath" (which is of Saxon origin, and variously written "unnethe, unnethes") is scarcely, not easily.

Thus Chaucer says:

And again:

"Unneath," signifying difficult, scarcely, with difficulty, occurs so frequently in Spenser, that it is unnecessary to burden your pages with references. It may be remarked, however, that this latter author occasionally employs this word in the sense of almost.

T. H. de H.

Snail Gardens (Vol. viii., p. 33.).—In very many places on the Continent snails are regularly bred for the table: this is the case at Ulm, Wirtemberg, and various other places. A very lively description of the sale of snails in the Roman market is given by Sir Francis Head. I have collected much interesting information on this point, and shall feel grateful for any farther "Notes" on the subject.

Seleucus.

Parvise (Vol. vii., p. 624.).—Perhaps the following quotation may throw light on your correspondent D. P.'s inquiry respecting this word, in French Parvis. It is taken from a Dictionnaire Universel, contenant généralement tous les mots françois, tant vieux que modernes, &c., par feu Messire Antoine Furetière, Abbé de Chalivoi, three vols. folio, La Haye et la Rotterdam, 1701:

"Parvis, s. m.—Place publique qui est ordinairement devant la principale face des grandes Eglises. Le parvis de Nôtre Dame, de Saint Généviève. On le disoit autrefois de toutes les places qui étoient devant les palais, et grandes maisons. Les auteurs Chrétiens appellent le Parvis des Gentiles, ce que les Juifs appelloient le premier Temple. Il y avoit deux Parvis dans le Temple de Jérusalem; l'un intérieur, qui étoit celui des Prêtres; et l'autre extérieur, qu'on appelloit aussi le Parvis d'Israël, ou le Grand Parvis.—Le Cl.

"Quelques-uns disent que ce mot vient de Paradisus; d'autres de parvisium, qui est un lieu au bas de la nef où l'on tenoit autrefois les petites Ecoles, à docendo parvis pueris. Voyez Menage, qui rapporte plusieurs titres curieux en faveur de l'une et de l'autre opinion. D'autres le dérivent de pervius, disant qu'on appelloit autrefois pervis, une place publique devant un batiment."

T. H. de H.

Humbug (Vol. vii., p. 631.).—Allow me to add the following to the list of explanations as to the origin of this word. There appeared in the Berwick Advertiser the following origin of the word humbug, and it assuredly is a very feasible one. It may be proper to premise, that the name of bogue is commonly pronounced bug in that district of Scotland formerly called the "Mearns."

"It is not generally known that this word, presently so much in vogue, is of Scottish origin. There was in olden time a race called Bogue, or Boag of that ilk, in Berwickshire. A daughter of the family married a son of Hume of Hume. In process of time, by default of male issue, the Bogue estate devolved on one Geordie Hume, who was called popularly 'Hume o' the Bogue,' or rather 'Aum o' the Bug.' This worthy was inclined to the marvellous, and had a vast inclination to exalt himself, his wife, family, brother, and all his ancestors on both sides. His tales however did not pass current; and at last, when any one made an extraordinary statement in the Mearns, the hearer would shrug up his shoulders, and style it just 'a hum o' the bug.' This was shortened into hum-bug, and the word soon spread like wildfire over the whole kingdom."

How far this is, or is not true, cannot be known; but it is certain that the Lands of Bogue, commonly called by country folk "Bug," passed by marriage into the Hume family; and that the male representatives of this ancient family are still in existence. This much may be fairly asserted, that the Berwickshire legend has more apparent probability about it than any of the other ones.

J. Mt.

P. S.—"That ilk," in old Scotch, means "the same:" in other words, Hume of that ilk is just Hume of Hume; and Brodie of that ilk, Brodie of Brodie.

Table-moving (Vol. vii., p. 596.).—I imagine that the great object in table-moving is to produce the desired effect without pressure. During experiments I have often heard the would-be "table-movers" cry "Don't press: it must be done without any pressure."

J. A. T.

Scotch Newspapers (Vol. viii., p. 57.).—In Ruddiman's Life, by G. Chalmers (8vo. Lond. 1794), it is stated that Cromwell was the first who communicated the benefit of a newspaper to Scotland.{162} In 1652, Christopher Higgins, a printer, whom Cromwell had conveyed with his army to Leith, reprinted there what had been already published at London, A Diurnal of some passages and affairs for the information of the English Soldiers. A newspaper of Scottish manufacture appeared at Edinburgh, the same authority relates, on the 31st of December, 1660, under the title of Mercurius Caledonius; comprising the affairs in agitation in Scotland, with a survey of foreign intelligence. It was published once a week, in a small 4to. form of eight pages. Chalmers adds, that—

"It was a son of the Bishop of Orkney, Thomas Lydserfe, who now thought he had the wit to amuse, the knowledge to instruct, and the address to captivate the lovers of news in Scotland. But he was only able, with all his powers, to extend his publication to ten numbers, which were very loyal, very illiterate, and very affected."

John Macray.

Oxford.

Door-head Inscriptions (Vol. vii., pp. 23. 190. 588.; Vol. viii., p. 38.).—Over the door of the house at Salvington, Sussex, in which Selden was born, is this inscription:

It has been thus paraphrased:

1. By the late William Hamper, Esq., Gent. Mag., 1824, vol. ii. p. 601.:

2. By Dr. Evans:

3. In Evans's Picture of Worthing, p. 129.:

4. In Shearsmith's Worthing, p. 71.:

Anon.

Honorary Degrees (Vol. viii., pp. 8. 86.).—The short note of C. does not elucidate—if, indeed, it touches upon—the matter propounded. It was stated, whether correctly I know not, that honorary doctors created by diploma (reference being made to the Duke of Cambridge, and one or two other royal personages) would have the distinctive privilege of voting in Convocation. It then occurred to me that Johnson—whose Oxford dignity was conferred in 1776, by special requisition of the Chancellor, Lord North (his M.A. degree had been, I judge, likewise by diploma)—is not mentioned by Boswell or Croker, as having on any occasion exercised the right referred to. Did he possess that right? and, if so, was it ever exercised? The frequency of his visits to Oxford, and the alleged rigid adherence to academical costume, make the question one of some interest: besides, in regard to a person so entirely sui generis, and upon whose character and career so much minuteness of biographical detail has been bestowed, it is not a little remarkable how many points are almost barren of illustration.

M. A.

"Never ending, still beginning" (Vol. viii., p. 103.).—See Dryden's Alexander's Feast, l. 101.

F. B—w.

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Clericus (D.). The Beggar's Petition was written by the Rev. T. Moss, minister of Brierly Hill and Trentham, in Staffordshire. See "N. & Q.," Vol. iii., p. 209.

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{164}

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"A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of Chanting of a very superior character to any which has hitherto appeared."—John Bull.

London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.

Also, lately published,

J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as performed at the Chapel Royal St. James, price 2s.

C. LONSDALE, 26. Old Bond Street.

8vo., price 21s.

SOME ACCOUNT of DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE in ENGLAND, from the Conquest to the end of the Thirteenth Century, with numerous Illustrations of Existing Remains from Original Drawings. By T. HUDSON TURNER.

"What Horace Walpole attempted, and what Sir Charles Lock Eastlake has done for oil-painting—elucidated its history and traced its progress in England by means of the records of expenses and mandates of the successive Sovereigns of the realm—Mr. Hudson Turner has now achieved for Domestic Architecture in this country during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries."—Architect.

"The writer of the present volume ranks among the most intelligent of the craft, and a careful perusal of its contents will convince the reader of the enormous amount of labour bestowed on its minutest details, as well as the discriminating judgment presiding over the general arrangement."—Morning Chronicle.

"The book of which the title is given above is one of the very few attempts that have been made in this country to treat this interesting subject in anything more than a superficial manner.

"Mr. Turner exhibits much learning and research, and he has consequently laid before the reader much interesting information. It is a book that was wanted, and that affords us some relief from the mass of works on Ecclesiastical Architecture with which of late years we have been deluged.

"The work is well illustrated throughout with wood-engravings of the more interesting remains, and will prove a valuable addition to the antiquary's library."—Literary Gazette.

"It is as a text-book on the social comforts and condition of the Squires and Gentry of England during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, that the leading value of Mr. Turner's present publication will be found to consist.

"Turner's handsomely-printed volume is profusely illustrated with careful woodcuts of all important existing remains, made from drawings by Mr. Blore and Mr. Twopeny."—Athenæum.

JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.

Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published by George Bell, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, August 13. 1853.