Pistol marksmanship

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Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine gender is used, both
men and women are included.

Marines must have the versatility, flexibility, and skills to deal with any situation at any level of intensity across the entire range of military operations. Whenever the situation warrants the application of deadly force, a Marine must be able to deliver well-aimed shots to eliminate the threat. A Marine who is proficient in pistol marksmanship handles this challenge without escalating the level of violence or causing unnecessary collateral damage. It is not enough to simply provide Marines with the best available firearms; we must also ensure that their training prepares them to deliver accurate fire against the enemy under the most adverse conditions without hesitancy, fear, or uncertainty of action. A well-trained Marine is confident that he can protect himself, accomplish the mission, and protect his fellow Marines. To be combat ready, a Marine must be skilled in the tactics, techniques, and procedures of pistol marksmanship and diligent in the proper care and maintenance of the M9, 9-mm service pistol.

Marine Corps Reference Publication (MCRP) 3-01B, Pistol Marksmanship, is the Marine Corps’ source document for pistol marksmanship and provides the doctrinal basis for Marine Corps pistol marksmanship training. This publication provides all Marines armed with a pistol with the tactics, techniques, and procedures for range and field firing the M9, 9-mm service pistol.

MCRP 3-01B supersedes the discussion of pistol marksmanship in Fleet Marine Force Manual (FMFM) 0-8, Basic Marksmanship.

EDWARD HANLON, JR.
Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps
Commanding General
Marine Corps Combat Development Command

The Marine Corps’ uses the M9 service pistol as a defensive weapon. It is a semiautomatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated, double-action pistol. The M9 service pistol’s magazine holds 15 rounds and is chambered with a 9-mm ball (NATO M882 round). The M9 service pistol has a maximum effective range of 50 meters (54.7 yards).

When the M9 service pistol’s safety lever is moved to the firing position, it can be fired in either a single-action or double-action mode. It is designed to fire one round each time the trigger is pulled. When the last round is fired, the slide automatically locks to the rear.

Single-Action Mode

The single-action mode allows the pistol to be fired when the hammer is cocked; single action requires the hammer to be cocked to the rear before the trigger is pulled. The hammer can be manually cocked or mechanically cocked. The hammer is mechanically cocked after the first shot is fired. See figure 1-1.

Double-Action Mode

The double-action mode causes the hammer to move to the rear as the trigger is being pulled. See figure 1-2.

The M9’s major components consist of the slide assembly, barrel assembly, and receiver. See figure 1-4 on page 1-3.

Slide Assembly

The slide assembly houses the firing pin, firing pin block, striker, extractor, and loaded chamber indicator, and it cocks the hammer during recoil.

Extractor

Loaded Chamber Indicator

When a round is in the chamber, the upper surface of the loaded chamber indicator protrudes from the right side of the slide. This protrusion can be felt with the finger, verifying that there is a round in the chamber.

Barrel Assembly

The barrel assembly houses the round for firing, directs the projectile, and locks the barrel in position during firing.

Receiver

The receiver supports the major components, controls the functioning of the pistol, and holds the magazine in place. The front and back straps of the grip are grooved vertically to ensure that the hand does not slip while firing. The receiver consists of the disassembly button, slide stop, and magazine catch assembly.

Disassembly Button

Slide Stop

The slide stop holds the slide to the rear after the last round is fired. It can also be manually operated to lock the slide to the rear or release the slide.

Magazine Catch Assembly
(Magazine Release Button)

The magazine catch assembly secures the magazine in place when loading, and it releases the magazine from the pistol when unloading. The magazine catch assembly is designed for both right- and left-handed Marines.

The safety features of the M9 service pistol include the decocking/safety lever, firing pin block, and half-cock notch.

Decocking/Safety Lever

The decocking/safety lever, commonly referred to as the safety, permits safe operation of the pistol by both right- and left-handed Marines. As the safety is moved to the safe (down) position, the firing pin striker moves out of alignment with the firing pin. This movement prevents the pistol from firing as the hammer moves forward.

Firing Pin Block

The firing pin block rests in the firing pin notch and prevents movement of the firing pin until the trigger is pulled. As the trigger is pulled, the firing[1-4] pin block moves up and out of the firing pin notch. This movement allows a round to be fired when the hammer strikes the firing pin.

Half-Cock Notch

The half-cock notch stops the forward movement of the hammer during a mechanical failure.

Firing

Once the safety is off and the trigger is pulled to the rear, the hammer falls on the firing pin, which strikes the primer and ignites the round. See figure 1-5.

Unlocking

As the slide assembly moves to the rear, the locking block rotates out of the notches in the slide. See figure 1-6.

Extracting

As the slide moves rearward, the extractor withdraws the cartridge case out of the chamber. See figure 1-7.

Ejecting

As the face of the slide passes over the ejector, the case strikes the ejector and it is knocked upward and outward through the ejection port. See figure 1-8.

Cocking

As the slide moves rearward, the hammer is pushed back, allowing the sear to engage the hammer hooks, cock the hammer to the rear, and place the pistol in the single-action mode. See figure 1-9.

Feeding

The slide starts forward, pushed by the recoil spring. The face of the slide makes contact with the cartridge at the top of the magazine, stripping it from the magazine and pushing it toward the chamber. See figure 1-10.

Chambering

As the slide continues forward, it pushes the cartridge into the chamber. See figure 1-11.

Locking

As the slide assembly continues to move forward, the locking block lugs move into the locking block recesses on the right and left sides of the slide. See figure 1-12 on page 1-6.

The only ammunition authorized for the M9 service pistol is the NATO M882 9-mm ball. Dummy ammunition can be used during training (a dummy round has a hole drilled in its side and contains no primer). See figure 1-13.

Do not open ammunition containers until the ammunition is to be used. Ammunition must be maintained in a high state of readiness. To care for ammunition—

The proper placement of pistol gear helps ensure safety and aids the Marine in effectively handling and employing the pistol.

M12 Holster

The M12 holster consists of the holster, removable holster flap, and metal retaining clip. To check for proper placement of the holster, allow the right arm to hang freely. The holster should be slightly in front of the arm to permit easy access to the pistol upon presentation from the holster. See figure 1-14.

M1 Ammunition Pocket

The ammunition pocket attaches to the cartridge belt on the side opposite the holster in a position that best permits ready access for reloads. The magazine is stored in the ammunition pocket with the rounds down and pointed inboard.

M7 Shoulder Holster

The M7 shoulder holster consists of a holster with a thumb snap closure, shoulder strap, chest strap, and a belt retaining loop. The holster is positioned on the left side of the chest to provide easy and quick access with the right hand. See figure 1-15. The M7 holster comes fully assembled and has adjustable straps to accommodate each Marine’s body size. The holster is available for right-handed Marines only, therefore, a left-handed Marine has to withdraw the pistol from the holster with the right hand and then transfer the pistol to the left hand before firing. (See chap. 8 for transferring the pistol from one hand to the other.) When the shoulder holster is worn properly—

Assault Holster

Some Marines (i.e., Marine security force, direct action platoon, and military police) are required to carry the assault holster. This holster has a retention strap that fastens over the top of the holster to retain the pistol. This type of holster generally has a thumb break on the retention strap that is disengaged to access the pistol. See figure 1-16.

Concealed Pistol Holster

Some Marines are required to carry a concealed pistol as part of their official duties. The primary consideration for placement of a concealed pistol holster is to ensure the pistol cannot be seen; therefore, the Marine must consider the type of clothing to be worn. A secondary consideration is to place the holster so the pistol can be presented easily. Typically, the best position for a concealed holster is just behind the strong side hip. This position best conceals the pistol while allowing it to be presented quickly. Another placement choice is in a shoulder holster, placing the pistol just under the weak side arm. See figures 1-17 through 1-20 on pages 1-8 and 1-9.

Lanyard

The lanyard aids in pistol retention. It is issued in three sizes and is adjustable. The lanyard consists of a fabric cord, two cylindrical slip rings, and a metal clip that attaches the lanyard to the pistol’s lanyard loop. See figure 1-21.

Firing the M9 Service Pistol While Wearing Gloves

Not all combat engagements occur during ideal weather conditions. During cold weather, the Marine may find it necessary to wear gloves to protect the fingers from frostbite and help prevent stiffening of the hands. Gloves may also be worn in mission-oriented protective posture conditions. Gloves provide protection to the hands, however, they also may interfere with the Marine’s ability to engage targets effectively. The added bulk of the gloves may affect the Marine’s ability to manipulate the safety, magazine release button, magazine, hammer, and slide stop/release. For example, the Marine may need to exert more pressure to engage the magazine release or slide release buttons to compensate for the thickness of the gloves.

The principles of target engagement (see chap. 7) do not change while wearing gloves, however, the specific ability to manipulate and control the trigger is greatly affected by the thickness of the gloves around the fingers. Wearing gloves reduces the Marine’s ability to feel, which makes it difficult to apply trigger control when firing. The Marine may find that more pressure than normal must be applied with the trigger finger just to establish initial contact with the trigger. Once the Marine can “feel” the trigger through the gloves, then the pressure required to fire a shot can be applied. This action may increase the chances of firing the pistol prematurely due to excessive pressure on the trigger. Dry firing while wearing gloves allows the Marine to learn how to apply trigger control consistently and determines how much pressure is needed to effectively fire a shot.

While wearing gloves, the Marine may find it difficult to fire the pistol in the double-action mode due to the position of the trigger and the limited amount of space between the trigger and the trigger guard. Therefore, if the situation permits, the Marine may wish to thumbcock the pistol to fire in single-action mode. In single-action mode, there is more space between the trigger guard and the trigger, making it easier to position the finger on the trigger. However, the Marine’s ability to thumbcock the pistol may also be hindered by the gloves’ bulk. Therefore, to thumbcock the pistol while wearing gloves, the Marine may perform one of the following methods:

If the M9 service pistol is to be effective, it must be maintained in a state of operational readiness at all times; therefore, maintenance of the M9 service pistol is a continuous effort. A clean, properly lubricated, well-maintained pistol will fire when needed.

Pistol Disassembly

Before disassembling the M9 service pistol, ensure that the pistol is in Condition 4. The pistol is in Condition 4 when the magazine is removed, the chamber is empty, the slide is forward, and the safety is on. To disassemble the pistol, perform the following steps in sequence:

A Marine is not authorized to disassemble the pistol any further than the preceding steps. Any further disassembly must be performed by ordnance personnel. See figure 1-25.

Disassembly of the Magazine

Inspection of the Pistol

Once the pistol has been disassembled, it must be thoroughly inspected to ensure it is in a serviceable condition. Pistol inspection is continuous during the pistol’s cleaning and re-assembly:

Cleaning and Lubricating the Pistol

Only authorized cleaning materials should be used to clean and lubricate the pistol. If these items are not issued with the pistol, they may be obtained from the armory. The following procedures are used to clean and lubricate the pistol—

Pistol Re-assembly

After the M9 service pistol has been cleaned and lubricated, it must be properly re-assembled to ensure its serviceability. To re-assemble the M9 service pistol—

Pistol Magazine Re-assembly

A safety/function check is performed after reassembling the M9 service pistol. Perform the following steps to ensure the pistol is operational:

If the safety/function check does not indicate an operational pistol, the Marine takes the pistol to organizational maintenance or the next authorized repair level.

The Marine is responsible for performing a user serviceability inspection on the pistol prior to live fire. The user serviceability inspection ensures the pistol is in an acceptable operating condition. This inspection is not intended to replace the detailed pistol components inspection following disassembly or the limited technical inspection or pre-fire inspection conducted by a qualified armorer. To conduct a user serviceability inspection on the pistol, perform the following steps:

Combat situations can place Marines in a variety of adverse conditions. Therefore, the M9 service pistol must be maintained properly to ensure its continued operation.

Extreme Cold

Hot, Wet Climates

Hot, Dry Climates

In a hot, dry climate, dust and sand can cause stoppages and excessive wear on component contact surfaces during firing; therefore, keep the pistol covered whenever possible.

Corrosion is less likely to form on metal parts in a dry climate. Therefore, lightly lubricate internal working surfaces with CLP. Do not lubricate external parts of the pistol. Wipe excess lubricant from exposed surfaces. Do not lubricate internal components of the magazine.

Heavy Rain and Fording Operations

The following maintenance procedures are followed during periods of heavy rains or during fording operations:

Amphibious Conditions

If the pistol comes into contact with salt water, clean the pistol as soon as possible. If time does not permit cleaning in accordance with Technical Manual (TM) 1005A-10/1, Operator’s Manual, Pistol Semiautomatic, 9mm, M9, then wash the pistol with fresh water.

Weapons handling is a method of providing consistent and standardized procedures for handling, operating, and employing the M9 service pistol. Understanding and applying the principles of weapons handling are critical to developing safe and consistent weapons skills. Strict adherence to training and diligent practice will make weapons handling instinctive. Mission accomplishment and survival during combat depend on a Marine’s ability to react instinctively and with confidence.

The following safety rules are the foundation for responsible weapons handling. They must be observed at all times, both in training and combat.

Safety Rules

Rule 1: Treat every weapon as if it were loaded.

This rule is intended to prevent unintentional injury to personnel or damage to property from handling or transferring possession of a weapon.

Rule 2: Never point a weapon at anything you do not intend to shoot.

This rule enforces the importance of muzzle awareness and reinforces positive identification of the target.

Rule 3: Keep your finger straight and off the trigger until you are ready to fire.

This rule is intended to minimize the risk of firing the weapon negligently (when not firing, the trigger finger is straight along the receiver, outside of the trigger guard). This rule also reinforces positive identification of the target.

Rule 4: Keep weapon on safe until you intend to fire.

This rule enforces the use of the weapon’s own safety feature and reinforces positive identification of the target.

The M9 service pistol’s level of readiness is defined by three specific conditions. The steps in the loading and unloading process take the pistol through the specific conditions that indicate the pistol’s readiness for live fire. The Marine must understand and know the condition of his pistol at all times.

There are two methods for determining the pistol’s condition: checking the round indicator on the right side of the pistol and conducting a chamber check.

Checking the Round Indicator

When there is a round in the chamber, the upper surface of the extractor protrudes from the right side of the slide. The protrusion can be felt by sliding either the thumb or the index finger of the left hand over the top of the slide and across the extractor. See figure 2-1.

Conducting a Chamber Check

Weapons commands direct the Marine to safely load, unload, and employ the M9 service pistol. Six commands are used in weapons handling:

“Load”

This command is used to take a weapon from Condition 4 to Condition 3.

“Make Ready”

This command is used to take a weapon from Condition 3 to Condition 1.

“Fire”

This command is used to engage targets.

“Cease Fire”

This command is used to cease target engagement.

“Unload”

This command is used to take a weapon from any condition to Condition 4.

“Unload, Show Clear”

This command is used to require a second individual to check the weapon to verify that no ammunition is present before the weapon is put into Condition 4.

Perform the following steps to load the pistol (take the pistol from Condition 4 to Condition 3):

Perform the following steps to take the pistol from any condition to Condition 4:

Perform the following steps to take the pistol from any condition to Condition 4. See figure 2-8.

Once the pistol is unloaded, the pistol magazine can be emptied of ammunition. To empty the magazine, perform the following steps:

Prior to loading the pistol, the pistol magazine must be filled with the prescribed number of[2-8] rounds of ammunition. See figure 2-9. To fill the magazine, perform the following steps:

Repeat this procedure until the magazine is filled with the appropriate number of rounds. Holes on the back of the magazine allow the visual counting of rounds in five-round increments.

The Marine’s ability to reload the pistol quickly improves his chance for success on the battlefield.

Dry Reload

A dry reload is conducted when the pistol runs out of ammunition during engagement and the slide locks to the rear. See figure 2-10. Perform the following steps to conduct a dry reload with the slide locked to the rear:

Figure 2-10. Pistol Ran Dry of Ammunition.

Figure 2-11. Bring the Pistol Toward the Body.

Figure 2-12. Release Magazine and Unfasten Ammunition Pocket.

Figure 2-15. Glance at the Magazine Well.

Figure 2-17. Present Pistol Back to Target.

Condition 1 Reload

In a Condition 1 reload, a partially-filled magazine is removed from the pistol and replaced with a fully filled magazine. A Condition 1 reload is performed when there is a lull in the action or whenever deemed necessary by the Marine. To perform a Condition 1 reload—

If time permits, examine the partially-filled magazine to determine the number of rounds remaining. Stow the partially-filled magazine in the ammunition pocket for later use.

Reloading Considerations

If possible, take cover before reloading. Always reload before leaving cover to take advantage of the protection.

When reloading, the first priority is to reload the pistol quickly so that it is ready to fire. During a reload, the Marine focuses on reloading only—not on the enemy.

The next priority is for the Marine to retain the magazine during the reload. However, the combat situation may dictate dropping the magazine to the deck when performing a reload (i.e., dry reload). If time permits (i.e., Condition 1 reload), the Marine picks the magazine up or secures the magazine (e.g., ammunition pocket, flak jacket) before moving to another location.

The M9 service pistol is an effective and extremely reliable weapon. Proper care and preventive maintenance usually ensures the pistol’s serviceability. However, stoppages, while infrequent, do occur. To keep the pistol in action, stoppages must be cleared as quickly as possible through remedial action. A malfunction cannot be corrected through remedial action by the Marine.

Stoppage

A stoppage is an unintentional interruption in the cycle of operation; e.g., the slide not moving forward completely. A stoppage is normally discovered when the pistol will not fire. Most stoppages can be prevented by proper care, cleaning, and lubrication of the pistol.

Many stoppages of the M9 service pistol are caused by shooter error. The Marine must be aware of shooter-induced stoppages in order to avoid them or to quickly identify and correct the stoppage and return the pistol to action. In a shooter-induced stoppage, the Marine—

Malfunction

A malfunction is a failure of the pistol to fire satisfactorily or to perform as designed (e.g., a broken front sight that does not affect the functioning of the pistol). A malfunction does not necessarily cause an interruption in the cycle of operation. When a malfunction occurs, the pistol must be repaired by an armorer.

Remedial Action

There is no one set of procedures (i.e., immediate action) that can be performed to clear all or even most of the stoppages that can occur with the M9 service pistol. Therefore, remedial action requires investigating the cause of the stoppage, clearing the stoppage, and returning the pistol to operation. When performing remedial action, the Marine should seek cover if the tactical situation permits. Once a pistol ceases to fire, the Marine must visually or physically observe the pistol to identify the problem before it can be cleared:

Audible Pop or Reduced Recoil

Training Environment

If an audible pop or reduced recoil is experienced during firing, cease fire immediately. Do not apply remedial action; instead, perform the following steps:

Combat Environment

The tactical situation may dictate correction of an audible pop or reduced recoil. To clear the pistol, perform the following steps:

As the threat level increases, so should the Marine’s readiness for engagement. Weapons carries are designed to place the Marine in a state of increased readiness as the threat level increases. There are two carries with the pistol: the Alert and the Ready. The carries permit quick engagement when necessary.

Alert

The Alert is used when enemy contact is likely (probable). See figure 2-28. The Marine performs the following steps to assume the Alert:

Ready

The Ready is used when there is no target, but contact with the enemy is imminent. The Marine performs the following steps to assume the Ready (see fig. 2-30):

The M9 service pistol is transported in either the holster transport or the administrative transport.

Holster Transport

The holster transport is the most common method of carrying the pistol because it can be transported safely in the holster. This transport is used when there is no immediate threat (enemy contact is remote). See figure 2-31. To transport the pistol in the holster:

Administrative Transport

The administrative transport is used to transport the pistol when the Marine does not have a holster. See figure 2-32. The Marine performs the following steps to assume the administrative transport:

In a combat environment, the Marine must be constantly prepared to engage targets. When a target presents itself, there may be little time to react. The target must be engaged quickly and accurately. It is not enough to simply know marksmanship techniques, the Marine must be able to react instinctively.

The development of a combat mindset can be associated with the carries and holster transport for the pistol. The use of each carry/transport is dictated by the perceived level of threat. Each carry and transport should signify a stage of mental and physical preparedness for combat. The intensity of the Marine’s mental and physical preparation depends on the likelihood of enemy contact.

Physical and Mental Preparation

Physical Preparation

In combat, targets can present themselves without warning. Therefore, it is essential for the Marine to maintain proper balance and control of the pistol at all times so that the pistol can be presented quickly and the target engaged accurately.

Speed alone does not equate to effective target engagement. The Marine should fire only as fast as he can fire accurately, never exceeding his physical ability to apply the fundamentals of marksmanship. To be effective in combat, the Marine must train to perfect the physical skills of shooting so they become second nature. The more physical skills that can be performed automatically, the more concentration that can be given to the mental side of target engagement.

Mental Preparation

While combat is unpredictable and constantly changing, the Marine can prepare mentally for the contingencies of the operational setting and confrontation with a threat. The stress of combat, coupled with the limited time available to engage targets, requires concentration on the mental aspects of target engagement; e.g., identification of targets, shoot/no-shoot decisionmaking, and the selection and use of cover. Minimizing stress and maximizing the limited time available to engage targets can be accomplished by—

Threat Levels

No Immediate Threat

When there is no immediate threat, the Marine assumes the holster transport. The pistol should be in Condition 1. This is the lowest level of awareness for the Marine in a combat environment, but the Marine must stay alert and aware of any nearby activity. To prepare for target engagement at this level, the Marine must—

Contact Likely (Probable)

If enemy contact is likely (probable), the Marine assumes the Alert. When enemy contact is likely, the Marine should—

Contact Imminent

When contact with an enemy target is imminent, assume the Ready. In this carry, the Marine is at the highest level of awareness and is constantly searching for and expecting a target. To fire well-aimed shots upon target detection, the Marine must be at the peak of his mental preparation, all distractions must be eliminated, and his focus must be on firing an accurate shot. In the Ready, the Marine must—

The Marine’s ability to transfer a pistol to another Marine is critical to safe weapons handling. There are two methods for transferring the pistol from one Marine to another: show clear transfer and condition unknown transfer. Each transfer is performed based on the operational environment/combat situation.

Show Clear Transfer

Condition Unknown Transfer

The fundamentals of pistol marksmanship are aiming, trigger control, and breath control. Understanding and applying the basic pistol marksmanship fundamentals ensures the Marine’s effectiveness in target engagement. The fundamentals must be continually studied and practiced because they are the means by which accurate shots are placed on target. A Marine with a solid foundation in the fundamentals of marksmanship will be successful in the application of these fundamentals during combat.

Maintaining the correct relationship between the pistol sights is essential for accurate target engagement. Because of the short distance between the pistol sights, a small error in their alignment causes a considerable error at the target.

Sight Alignment

Sight alignment is the relationship between the front sight and rear sight with respect to the aiming eye. Correct sight alignment is the front sight centered in the rear sight notch with the top edge of the front sight level aligned with the top edge of the rear sight. There should be equal space on either side of the front sight. See figure 3-1.

Establishing Sight Alignment

The pistol is fired without benefit of bone support; therefore, the pistol is in constant motion. The Marine must understand this, yet continually strive to align the sights. To fire accurately, the sights must be aligned when the shot breaks.

Grip

The grip is key to acquiring sight alignment. If the grip is correct, the front and rear sights should align naturally. Dry fire during presentation of the M9 service pistol aids in obtaining a grip that allows sight alignment to be acquired consistently.

Controlled Muscular Tension

There must be enough controlled muscular tension in the grip, wrists, and forearms to hold the pistol steady and level the barrel to maintain sight alignment. Consistent tension stabilizes the sights and maintains sight alignment.

Sight Picture

Sight picture is the placement of the front sight in relation to the target while maintaining sight alignment. See figure 3-2 on page 3-2.

Because the pistol is constantly moving, sight picture is acquired within an aiming area that is located center mass on the target. The aiming area allows for movement of the sights on the target while maintaining sight alignment. Each Marine defines an acceptable aiming area within his own ability to stabilize the sights. Time, distance to the target, and personal ability affect dictate the aiming area. As the Marine becomes more proficient with the pistol, the aiming area becomes more precise.

The aiming area is determined by the Marine’s stability of hold. The proper grip stabilizes the sights so sight alignment can be maintained, but the sights move continuously within the aiming area of the target. The Marine understands the pistol’s movement and learns to apply trigger control as he is obtaining sight alignment/sight picture within the aiming area so the shot breaks the moment sight picture is established.

Relationship Between the Eye and the Sights

The human eye can focus clearly on only one object at a time. The Marine must focus on the top edge of the front sight and fire the shot while maintaining the relationship between the front and rear sights within the aiming area. Focusing on the top edge of the front sight rather than the target keeps the front sight clear and distinct, which allows the Marine to detect minor variations in sight alignment. Secondary vision allows the Marine to see the target (although slightly blurred) and maintain sight picture within his aiming area.

Trigger control is the Marine’s skillful manipulation of the trigger that causes the pistol to fire while maintaining sight alignment and sight picture. Proper trigger control aids in maintaining sight alignment while the shot is fired.

Sight Alignment and Trigger Control

Aiming and trigger control are mutually supportive—one cannot be performed without the other. Sight alignment and trigger control must be performed simultaneously to fire an accurate shot. As pressure is applied to the trigger, the sights may move, causing them to be misaligned. To fire accurate shots, the sights must be aligned when the shot breaks. Trigger control can actually assist in aligning the sights. With proper trigger finger placement and consistent muscular tension applied to the grip, the sights can be controlled as the trigger is moved to the rear. If the sights move extensively while pressing the trigger, this can indicate an improper grip or inconsistency in the muscular tension being applied to the grip.

Grip

A firm grip is essential for good trigger control. The grip is established before applying trigger control and is maintained throughout the firing process. To establish the grip, the hand is placed around the pistol grip in a location that allows the trigger finger to move the trigger straight to the rear while maintaining sight alignment. Once the grip is established, it should be firm enough to allow manipulation of the trigger while maintaining sight alignment. The pressure applied to the grip must be equal to or more than the pressure required to move the trigger to the rear. If the pressure is not applied correctly, the sights move as the trigger is pressed to the rear and sight alignment is disturbed.

Trigger Finger Placement

Once the grip is established, the finger is placed on the trigger. Placement of the finger should be natural and allow free movement of the trigger finger. A natural trigger finger placement allows the trigger to be moved straight to the rear while maintaining sight alignment. If the finger presses the trigger to the side, it can cause an error in sight alignment and shot placement.

Each Marine must experiment with finger placement in order to determine effective placement on the trigger. Once established, effective trigger finger placement allows the trigger to be consistently moved straight to the rear while maintaining sight alignment.

Types of Trigger Control

Uninterrupted Trigger Control

During uninterrupted trigger control, the Marine applies a steady, unchanging pressure to the trigger until the shot is fired. Uninterrupted trigger control is particularly effective at close range, when the target area is large, and when stability of hold is not critical for accuracy. To apply uninterrupted trigger control, apply pressure on the trigger while maintaining focus on the top edge of the front sight. Continue pressure on the trigger to begin moving the trigger straight to the rear while obtaining sight alignment and sight picture. Move the trigger straight to the rear in a single, smooth motion with no hesitation.

Interrupted Trigger Control

Interrupted trigger control is particularly effective at longer ranges, when the target is small, and when stability of hold is critical to maintaining sight picture in the aiming area. This method is also used if the pistol sights move outside the aiming area when applying trigger control. If the sight picture is outside the aiming area, the Marine stops and holds the rearward movement on the trigger until sight picture is re-established. When sight picture is re-established, the rearward movement of the trigger is continued until the shot is fired.

Breathing causes movement of the chest, abdomen, and shoulders, which causes the pistol sights to move vertically while attempting to aim and fire. Therefore, it is necessary to stop breathing for a period of time while firing a shot or a series of shots.

The object of breath control is to stop breathing just long enough to fire the shot while maintaining sight alignment, stabilizing the sights, and establishing the sight picture. To be consistent, the breath should be held at the same point in the breathing cycle; i.e., the natural respiratory pause.

Breathing should not be stopped for too long because it has adverse visual and physical effects. Holding the breath longer than is comfortable results in a lack of oxygen that causes vision to deteriorate and then affects the ability to focus on the sights.

Compression of the Fundamentals

Pistol engagements typically occur over close distances and are short in duration. Because an immediate response to the threat is required, the application of the fundamentals must be a conditioned response that is executable in a compressed time. The goal of successful, quick target engagement is the application of the fundamentals of marksmanship while firing the shot the moment weapon presentation is complete.

The time required to move the trigger to the rear while acquiring and maintaining sight alignment and sight picture is unique to each Marine and is based on his capabilities. Each Marine should[3-4] know his abilities and fire only as quickly as he is capable of firing accurately. The Marine must not exceed his shooting skills in an effort to get rounds off quickly.

Aiming

In field firing, the fundamentals are applied in a compressed time so sight alignment and sight picture are achieved as the shot is fired. Although the target must be quickly engaged in combat, sight alignment is still the first priority: strive for a clear front sight. Distance to the target and the size of the target affects sight aligmnent as follows:

Trigger Control

Proper trigger control aids in maintaining sight alignment while the shot is fired. As pressure is applied to the trigger, the sights may move, causing them to be misaligned. Therefore, the Marine is constantly re-aligning the sights as pressure is applied to the trigger. Sight alignment and trigger control must be performed simultaneously to fire an accurate shot.

Breath Control

During combat, the Marine’s breathing and heart rate often increase due to physical exertion or the stress of battle. The key to breath control in field firing is to stop breathing just long enough to fire an accurate shot or a series of shots.

The M9 service pistol is fired from the standing, kneeling, and prone positions. Each firing position may be adapted to either a Weaver or Isosceles variation, each possessing a distinct advantage in combat. The Weaver variation stabilizes the pistol sights. The Isosceles variation manages recoil. The advantages apply whether the Marine is firing in the standing, kneeling, or prone position. The Marine must select and assume a stable firing position that provides a solid foundation for accurate shooting while meeting the demands of the combat situation.

During combat, the Marine selects a firing position based on mobility, observation of the enemy, and stability.

Mobility

A firing position must provide mobility should the Marine need to move. The standing position permits maximum mobility because it is quickly assumed and easily maneuvered from and it permits lateral mobility to engage widely dispersed targets. The prone position provides limited mobility because it is the most time-consuming position to get into and out of and it lacks the lateral mobility required to engage dispersed targets.

Observation of the Enemy

A firing position should allow observation of the enemy while minimizing the Marine’s exposure. During combat there can be many obstructions to a clear field of view. Terrain features such as vegetation, earth contours, and manmade structures often dictate the firing position. The prone position normally allows the least exposure, but it usually provides a limited field of view. Kneeling may provide a wider field of view, but generally provides less concealment.

Stability

A solid firing position establishes a stable foundation for target engagement and provides accurate and consistent shooting. The definition of a stable position is one in which the body is positioned so as to resist forces that cause motion (i.e., recoil and movement of the pistol sights). The standing position is the least stable firing position, while the prone is the most stable firing position. A consistent, stable position is assumed for two distinct purposes:

During combat, it may be necessary to engage the same target more than once to eliminate it. If the firing position is stable, the pistol’s sights should recover to the same area on the target, allowing rapid re-enactment. Distributing the body’s weight to balance the position also stabilizes the pistol and allows better management of recoil. A pistol firing position is stabilized through controlled muscular tension. Because the pistol is fired without benefit of bone support, muscular tension is needed in the body to stabilize the position and the pistol sights. Muscular tension must follow these guidelines—

A proper grip is one that provides maximum control of the pistol before, during, and after firing. It stabilizes the pistol sights before firing, allows trigger control to be applied during firing, and manages recoil after firing.

Before Firing: Stabilize the Sights

To fire an accurate shot, the sights must be stabilized prior to and as the bullet exits the muzzle of the pistol. A proper grip controls the alignment of the pistol’s sights and stabilizes the sights so an accurate shot may be fired. The following guidelines apply to the establishment of a proper grip—

During Firing: Allow Trigger Control

The Marine’s grip provides a foundation for the movement of the trigger finger. The trigger finger applies positive pressure on the trigger as an independent action, completely free of the other muscles of the gripping hand. The Marine should not apply excessive pressure to the web of the hand touching the pistol’s back strap because excessive pressure interferes with the manipulation of the trigger by the trigger finger.

After Firing: Manage Recoil

Once a shot is fired, the pistol recoils, disturbing alignment of the sights. A proper grip facilitates a quick recovery from recoil so the sights quickly return to the same area on the target. The Marine’s grip determines the following during recoil:

The firing grip is not established in the holster, however, a proper firing grip can be assumed quickly if the pistol is withdrawn from the holster correctly. The pistol should be withdrawn from the holster in one continuous, fluid motion:

The size of the target, distance to the target, time, and type of engagement needed (i.e., two shots, single precision shot) determine whether to fire in the Weaver or Isosceles variation. The Weaver and Isosceles variations each consist of three firing positions: standing, kneeling, and prone. The firing position chosen is based on the combat situation and the Marine’s body configuration, and[4-5] it must permit balance, control, and stability during firing. In addition, there is a specific firing grip that supports each position and the combination of the grip and the body configuration is key to establishing the variation. See table 4-1 for a list of advantages and disadvantages of both the Weaver and the Isosceles variations.

At longer ranges, the target is smaller, a more precise shot is required to eliminate the target, and any small movement moves the sights off the target; therefore, the pistol must be steadied. Although the Weaver variation is effective at any distance, some aspects of the position make it more effective for long range or precision shots on small or partially exposed targets; i.e., sight alignment and sight picture are easier for stability of hold.

The Isosceles variation is effective at any distance, however, some aspects of the position make it more effective for close range engagements. When confronted with a target, the natural physical reaction is to face the target and push out with the arms. This makes the Isosceles variation advantageous for quick engagements at close range. When a target is at close range, it must be engaged quickly before it engages the Marine.

The management of recoil is a bigger factor in close-range engagements because it is more likely that multiple shots will be fired to eliminate the target and the sights have to recover quickly back on target. However, at close ranges, the target is larger so stability of hold is not as important because it is easier to hold the sights on target and sight picture is not as critical.

The standing position is the most often employed position during a pistol engagement due to the short distance of the engagement and the nature of combat. When properly assumed, the standing position provides a stable base for firing, a clear field of view, and excellent mobility. The standing position can be adapted to either the Weaver variation or the Isosceles variation.

Weaver Standing Position

Variation	Advantages	Disadvantages
Weaver	Additional balance, control, and stability of hold during firing due to placement of the arms (left arm bent, pistol is in close to the body). Easier to maintain sight picture because the pistol’s foundation is steady.	Recoil has a greater impact due to the hand placement on the pistol (some of the pistol grip is exposed and pressure is applied in two different directions around the pistol). Recovery of the sights back on target may take longer since recoil is affected.
Isosceles	Recoil has a lesser impact because muscular tension and grip pressure are evenly distributed around the pistol. Allows quicker recovery of the sights on target.	Stability of hold is degraded due to the pistol being further from the body without support. Since it is harder to steady the pistol, acquiring sight picture becomes more difficult.

The key to successful employment of the Weaver variation is the body’s angle to the target and the push-pull pressure applied to the grip. See figure 4-6.

Isosceles Standing Position

The key to the Isosceles variation is that the body is squared to the target and equal pressure is applied on the pistol from the grip. To assume the Isosceles standing position—

The kneeling position offers a smaller exposure than the standing position and greater stability. Increased stability makes the kneeling position effective for longer range shooting. It does not,[4-8] however, offer as much mobility for quick reaction as the standing position. The kneeling position can be quickly assumed and allows firing from various types of cover. Depending on the cover and the need for observation, the kneeling position may be adapted to a high kneeling, a medium kneeling, a low kneeling, or a two-knee kneeling position. The kneeling positions can be adapted to either the Weaver variation or the Isosceles variation.

Weaver Kneeling Position

The advantage of the Weaver variation of the kneeling position is that it provides bone support due to the left elbow’s placement on the knee. The Weaver variation further enables firing from the side of cover while exposing less of the body to a threat. To assume the Weaver kneeling position, the following steps are basic to all adaptations:

Isosceles Kneeling Position

The advantage of the Isosceles variation is that it enables the Marine to fire over the top of cover while exposing less of the body to a threat. To assume the Isosceles kneeling position, the following steps are basic to all adaptations:

The prone position is easily assumed, stable, and presents a small target to the enemy. Since the prone position places most of the body on the deck, it offers great stability for long range shooting. However, it is the least mobile of the firing positions and may restrict the field of view. The prone position can be adapted to either the Weaver variation or the Isosceles variation.

Weaver Prone Position

The Weaver variation of the prone position produces a cocked leg position by angling the body to the target and cocking the leg to support the position. The Weaver prone position is ideal for firing from behind cover. See figure 4-18.[4-11]

To make minor increases in elevation, keep the left hand in place and firmly on the deck and raise the right hand to achieve the desired elevation. However, contact between the right and left hands must be maintained to stabilize the pistol. See figure 4-21 on page 4-12. (There is a tradeoff between obtaining the needed elevation and losing stability, so the Marine must strike a balance between the two.)

Isosceles Prone Position

The Isosceles variation of the prone position produces a straight leg position. See figure 4-22.

To make minor increases in elevation, keep the left hand in place and firmly on the deck and raise the right hand to achieve the desired elevation. However, contact between the right and left hands must be maintained to stabilize the pistol. See figure 4-25 on page 4-14. (There is a tradeoff between obtaining the needed elevation and losing stability, so the Marine must strike a balance between the two.)

Natural Body Alignment

The body must be properly aligned to the target so the sights fall naturally on the target when the pistol is presented. It takes a combination of body alignment and consistent muscular tension to[4-14] ensure the sights fall naturally to the same area of the target every time the pistol is presented. The Marine can execute the following to check natural body alignment and to ensure the sights center on the aiming area:

If the sights are significantly out of alignment when the pistol is at eye level, it may be an indication of a poor grip. When the grip is correct (to include the muscular tension in the grip, wrist, and forearms), the sights should align to the point that only minor adjustments are needed to align the sights to the aiming eye.

Repeat the preceding steps as necessary. Body alignment and muscular tension are correct when the sights are naturally placed in the same area on the target every time the Marine aims on the target.

On the battlefield, a firing position that allows maximum observation of the enemy as well as cover and concealment is a necessity. A good position provides a solid foundation for the pistol, maximizes the use of cover to provide protection from enemy fire, allows mobility, and provides observation of the enemy. Where possible, the cover should be used to provide additional support for the position.

When contact with the enemy is made, it is important to seek cover as quickly as possible. Cover is anything that provides protection from enemy fire. Cover should be, at a minimum, thick enough to stop small arms fire and high enough to protect the Marine when firing from behind it. The effective use of cover enables engagement of enemy targets while affording protection from enemy fire. Cover can also be effectively used to conceal the Marine from enemy view while searching for targets.

Concealment is anything that hides a Marine from enemy view; however, it might not afford protection. Concealment can be provided by brush, trees, etc.

Natural cover (rocks, logs, rubble, etc.) is best because it is hard to detect. But any material (including buildings, structures, etc.) that may protect an individual from small arms fire can be used for cover. Some common types of cover material are as follows.

Dirt

Cinder Blocks

Cinder blocks used as foundations for houses or walls can be used for cover, but they can be penetrated. They are also brittle and can shatter upon impact from small arms fire, which can cause injury by secondary fragmentation.

Trees, Logs, and Telephone Poles

Wood is a relatively dense material; therefore, it offers good covering protection since bullets have a tendency to fragment as they penetrate. Live trees have a greater resistance to bullet penetration than dead wood. Wood that has been treated with creosote, such as telephone poles and railroad ties, offers better protection from projectiles than untreated wood, but it still does not ensure protection from small arms fire.

Sandbags

Sandbags can be used for cover. However, they should always be packed tightly and tamped down to increase their density. If loosely filled or moist, a bullet can more easily penetrate the sandbag. Doubling or overlapping sandbags also increases their protective qualities.

Adjusting the Firing Position

Cover can provide additional support for the firing position. The firing position is adjusted to ensure stability, mobility, and observation of the enemy.

The Marine chooses a firing position based on his height in relation to the height of the cover. The firing position must minimize exposure to the enemy but allow observation of the area.

Although the cover provides additional support, the Marine continues to apply the same amount of muscular tension in the grip, wrist, and forearms. Muscular tension is still necessary to stabilize the pistol sights and manage recovery.

Because the sights are higher than the muzzle of the pistol, the Marine must ensure that the muzzle of the pistol clears the cover as he obtains sight alignment/sight picture on the target. The closer the Marine is to the cover, the easier it is to ensure the muzzle clears the cover.

Applying the Weaver and Isosceles Variations

The type of cover may dictate which variation of a firing position will be the most effective. The position should provide the Marine with the maximum amount of stability and control and allow the Marine to manage recoil effectively in order to recover on target.

Weaver Variation

The Weaver variation exposes less of the body from behind cover due to the angle of the body. The Weaver variation may be better suited for firing from behind the right or left side of cover. For example, the Weaver prone is ideal for firing from behind a log.

Isosceles Variation

The Isosceles variation is good for firing over the top of cover (e.g., a window). The Isosceles prone is ideal for firing from behind narrow cover (e.g., a telephone pole).

Keeping the Body Behind Cover

Avoid inadvertent exposure of any part of the body. Be especially aware of the top of the head, elbows, knees, or any other body part that may extend beyond the cover.

Log or Curb

When firing from behind a log or curb, the Marine must present the lowest possible silhouette and may use the log or curb for maximum support of the position. For maximum protection, muzzle clearance is kept as close as possible to the top of the log or curb. The Marine may fire from either the side or the top of the log, depending on cover and concealment (see fig. 5-1). The Marine fires over the top of a curb when it is used for cover.

Wall or Barricade

Firing is done from either the side or over the top of a wall or barricade. See figure 5-2.

Window

If the Marine has not been detected by the enemy, he should use the side of the window or the window sill for support. Ideally, it is best to fire from the corner of the window sill when using the window for support. If there is little chance for detection or the shot can be made without support, the Marine should remain back and to the side of the window opening so the pistol does not protrude and his body is concealed by the shadows/darkness of the room. If the Marine is positioned too close to the window, his body provides a silhouette to the enemy.

Vehicle

In many combat situations, particularly in urban environments, a vehicle may be the best form of cover. When using a vehicle for cover, the engine block provides the most protection from small arms fire. The Marine establishes a position behind the front wheel or front door jamb so the engine block is between him and the target. See figure 5-3.

From this position, the Marine fires over the hood of the car or underneath the car from behind the wheel. At the back of the car the axle and the wheel provide the only cover. If the Marine must shoot from the back of the car, he must position himself directly behind the wheel as much as possible. See figure 5-4.

Providing Support for the Position and the Pistol

Support helps stabilize both the firing position and the pistol and enable the Marine to maintain sight alignment and sight picture.

The forearms or hands can contact the support to stabilize the pistol. The Marine may rest the pistol on or against the support as long as the support does not interfere or affect the pistol’s cycle of operation. See figure 5-5.

When firing over the top of cover, the Marine can establish a supported position and stabilize the position by resting the trigger guard or the magazine on the cover. The pistol may be pushed up against the support so the “V” formed by the receiver and the front of the trigger guard rests firmly against the support. See figure 5-6.

When firing around the sides of cover, the Marine can establish support and stabilize the position by placing the back of the hand or arm against the cover. Avoid placing the slide of the pistol against the cover because it can interfere with the pistol’s cycle of operation. However, the pistol can be canted and placed against the cover so the trigger guard or the “V” formed between the receiver and trigger guard rests against the support. This position enables the Marine to expose less of himself to the enemy. See figure 5-7.

When using a vehicle for cover, the Marine can establish additional support for the pistol by positioning himself in the car behind the door jamb (frame of door) and placing his hands or pistol against the “V” formed by the open door and door frame. See figure 5-8.

When shooting from the left side of cover, the Marine still uses his right hand and eye. See figure 5-9. He may have to cant his head and the pistol to the left to establish sight alignment. For right-handed Marines, shooting from the left side of cover may expose more of the Marine to the enemy than shooting from the right side.

Changing Positions

If the Marine has been firing from cover and has to reload or clear a stoppage behind cover he should attempt to resume firing from a different position. The enemy is aware of the Marine’s current position and will be ready to engage him once he re-appears.

Moving

In combat, the Marine must be constantly aware of his surroundings and the available cover should enemy contact occur during movement from one position to another.

When moving from cover to cover, the Marine selects the next cover location and plans the route of movement before leaving his present position. This is done by quickly looking from behind cover to ensure the area is clear, ensuring the head and eyes are exposed for as short a time as possible. If necessary, the Marine should conduct a Condition 1 reload before moving from cover. Once the Marine is committed to moving, he must focus on the move until cover is reassumed.

During combat, the Marine may not have the time to assume a perfect firing position. He must know instinctively that his position is correct rather than follow a regimented sequence of movements to ensure its correctness. With training, the Marine can assume stable firing positions quickly and instinctively by incorporating the use of cover for support. Support provides foundations for the firing position; which, in turn, provides support for the pistol. To maximize the support provided by the position, the firing position should be adjusted to fit or conform to the shape of the cover.

A supported firing position minimizes exposure to the enemy, maximizes the stability of the pistol and protection from fire, and provides observation of the enemy. Any stable support may be used (e.g., logs, sandbags, walls). The surrounding environment dictates the support and position.

The size, distance to the target, and time affect the need for stability and recovery in the selection of a supported firing position. For example, if the target is a great distance from the Marine, he may sacrifice some of his ability to manage recoil in order to assume a supported firing position that provides him the additional stability needed to fire accurately at long range. But, recovery may be more important for the Marine if he must fire multiple shots on target quickly; therefore, he may sacrifice some stability in his supported firing position in order to engage a target with multiple shots.

Supported Prone

The supported prone position presents the lowest silhouette and provides maximum protection from enemy fire. The supported prone position can be assumed behind a tree, a wall, or almost any type and size of cover. It is flexible and allows firing of the pistol from all sides. To assume the supported prone position and maximize the use of cover, the position is kept as low as possible to ensure no part of the body is exposed to the enemy. If the cover is narrow, the Marine positions his body directly behind cover and keeps his legs together. The Marine’s body is in line with the pistol and directly behind the pistol. The Isosceles prone position presents a smaller target to the enemy and more body mass to absorb recoil. The Weaver prone position is ideally suited to fire from around cover (e.g., log) because of the angle of the body, but this position presents a larger target to the enemy. See figure 5-10.

Supported Kneeling

If the prone position cannot be used because of the height of the support, the Marine may use the supported kneeling position. The kneeling position allows firing of the pistol from all sides. This position may be altered to maximize the use of cover or support by assuming a variation of the kneeling position (high, medium, low, or two-knee). The kneeling position provides more mobility than the prone position. See figure 5-11.

Supported Standing

When use of the support is maximized, the supported standing position can be as stable as the supported kneeling or prone position. The supported standing position provides greater mobility than the other positions and usually provides greater observation of the enemy. In the standing position, the Marine must not allow the placement of his foot to indicate to the enemy his position behind cover. See figure 5-12.

To locate targets when behind cover or to ensure the area is clear before moving, the Marine must expose himself to the enemy. There are two techniques used to locate and engage targets from behind cover: the pie and the rollout. These techniques minimize the Marine’s exposure to enemy fire while placing him in a position to engage targets or to move to another location if necessary. Both techniques are used in the kneeling and standing positions.

Pie Technique

The Weaver position is the most effective position when executing the pie technique because the position of the Marine’s body minimizes exposure to the enemy. See figure 5-13.

Rollout Technique

In this technique, the Isosceles position is the most effective position when executing the rollout technique because the position of the body allows the Marine to better maintain his balance. See figure 5-14. To perform the rollout technique—

Combining the Pie and Rollout Techniques

In some situations, it may be necessary to utilize both the pie and rollout technique in order to search an entire area for targets (i.e., corner of a building, doorway). Changing from one technique to another may allow the Marine to minimize his exposure to the enemy and reduce the time he is exposed to enemy fire.

In combat, targets present themselves with little or no warning. The Marine must have the ability to react quickly and to effectively and efficiently present the pistol, whether the pistol is in the holster or at a carry. To successfully engage a combat target with the M9 service pistol, the Marine must master pistol presentation from the carries and transport, pistol presentation while assuming a firing position, and search and assess techniques.

Pistol presentation drills and dry fire help the Marine achieve a consistent grip and rapid presentation and aid in quickly acquiring sight alignment and sight picture. The Marine always executes the following steps:

Presentation From the Ready

To present the pistol from the Ready, the Marine performs the following steps in sequence. When a target appears—

Presentation From the Alert

To present the pistol from the Alert, the Marine performs the following steps in sequence. When a target appears—

Presentation From a Holster Transport

M12 Holster

To present the pistol from the M12 holster transport, perform the following steps in sequence once the target appears:

When time permits to thumbcock the pistol for a single action shot (e.g., a long-range engagement), the Marine presents the pistol from the holster by performing the following steps once the target appears:

M7 Shoulder Holster

The M9 service pistol fits very snugly in the M7 shoulder holster because the holster was originally designed for the M1911A1 .45-caliber pistol, which has a more slim, round design, particularly around the trigger guard. A firm grip is required when holstering and withdrawing the M9 service pistol from the M7 shoulder holster. To present the pistol from the M7 shoulder holster, perform the following steps:

Assault Holster

To present the pistol from the assault holster, perform the following in one, continuous motion:

Concealed Pistol Holster

Depending on the clothing worn by the Marine, there are two methods for accessing the concealed pistol holster so that the clothing does not become an obstruction while presenting the pistol. To present the pistol from the concealed pistol holster, the following steps are performed in one, continuous motion when the target appears:

In combat, the Marine must be able to quickly assume the kneeling position while presenting the pistol to the target. This usually takes advantage of cover and provides a more stable base for shooting. The following procedures are based on the Isosceles and Weaver variations of the standing to the kneeling shooting positions.

From the Ready

The Marine drops to the kneeling position while raising the arms to bring the pistol up to the target.

At the same time, the Marine sweeps the safety with the thumb of the right hand, places the trigger finger on the trigger, acquires sight alignment and sight picture within the aiming area, and applies trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

From the Alert (Arms Straight)

The Marine drops to the kneeling position while raising the arms to bring the pistol up to the target.

From the Alert (Close Quarters, Elbows Bent)

The Marine drops to the kneeling position while pushing the arms out toward the target.

From the Holster Transport

The Marine withdraws the pistol from the holster while dropping to the kneeling position. The pistol should be rotated to the target by the time the knee hits the deck. The Marine sweeps the safety with the thumb of the right hand, establishes a two-handed firing grip and—

At the same time, the Marine places the trigger finger on the trigger, acquires sight alignment and sight picture within the aiming area, and applies trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

The prone position is generally assumed to take advantage of cover or to provide additional stability for shooting. The following procedures are executed from the standing holster transports.

Isosceles Prone

The Marine withdraws the pistol from holster. At the same time, the Marine eliminates body contact with the deck by either the squat method or the drop method. The pistol is rotated to the target as the left hand is placed on the deck. The Marine sweeps the safety off.

The Marine establishes a two-handed firing grip while spreading the legs a comfortable distance apart for stability. He places the trigger finger on the trigger, acquires sight alignment and sight picture within the aiming area, and applies trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

Weaver Prone

The Marine withdraws the pistol from the holster. At the same time, the Marine eliminates body contact with the deck by either the squat method or the drop method. The Marine maintains the 40 to 60 degree oblique to the target. The pistol should be rotated to the target as the left hand is placed on the deck. The Marine sweeps the safety off.

The Marine brings the left knee up, establishes a two-handed firing grip, and places the left elbow on the deck for stability. He places the trigger finger on the trigger, acquires sight alignment and sight picture within the aiming area, and applies trigger pressure until the shot is fired.

To be successful in combat, the Marine must have the ability to assess the situation and take appropriate action following engagement. Once the Marine fires one or two rounds to engage a target, he must quickly assess the situation and the effectiveness of his engagement. This split-second assessment allows the Marine to determine the best course of action and prevents him from expending a number of rounds without[6-9] assessing the results and his ability to accurately engage the target.

If the target has not been eliminated, the Marine must determine whether to re-engage the target:

When it is determined that the area is clear of all enemy threat, place the pistol on safe without breaking the grip and assume a pistol carry or pistol transport.

The Marine must be able to quickly detect targets and employ the proper pistol engagement and firing techniques. The Marine must also be able to re-engage a target if the initial engagement is not successful.

Target indicators reveal an enemy’s position. Most combat targets are detected by smoke, flash, dust, noise, or movement and are usually only momentarily visible. Target indicators are grouped into three general areas: movement, sound, and improper camouflage.

Movement

The Marine does not need to look directly at an object to notice movement. The eye is attracted to any movement, especially sudden movement. A slowly moving target is harder to detect than one with quick, jerky movements. Therefore, the ability to locate a moving target depends primarily on the speed of the object’s movement.

Sound

Sound (e.g., movement, rattling equipment, talking) can be used to detect an enemy position. Sound provides only a general location, making it difficult to pinpoint a target by sound alone. However, sound can alert the Marine to the presence of a target and increases the probability of locating the target through other indicators.

Improper Camouflage

The improper use of camouflage creates three target indicators: shine, outline, and contrast with the background. The closeness of a typical pistol engagement somewhat diminishes these effects, but can still affect target detection. The Marine’s ability to recognize target indicators aids in the detection of targets.

Shine

Shine is created from reflective objects such as metal, glass, pools of water, and the skin’s natural oils. Shine acts as a beacon in locating a target’s position.

Outline

The outline of camouflaged objects such as the body, head and shoulders, weapons, and gear can be recognizable.

Contrast With the Background

Objects contrast with a background because of differences in color, surface, and shape. The following are examples of objects contrasting with their background:

While observing an area, the Marine notes anything that looks out of place or unusual and studies it in more detail in order to increase the chances of spotting a hidden threat.

To successfully engage a combat target with the M9 service pistol, the Marine must employ effective techniques of fire. The Marine’s performance of these skills and the proper application of the fundamentals of marksmanship are critical to success in a combat situation.

Double and Single Action Firing

When the M9 service pistol is taken off safe, it is capable of firing in both a double and a single action mode.

Double Action Mode

The design of the M9 service pistol causes the first shot fired to be a double action shot.

In double action firing, two actions occur as the trigger is moved to the rear; the hammer moves to the rear, cocking the pistol, and then the hammer moves forward, firing the pistol. More pressure is required on the trigger to fire a double action shot due to the distance between the trigger and hammer and the weight of the trigger. A double action shot requires approximately 9 to 16 pounds of pressure to move the trigger rearward.

Maintaining sight alignment and sight picture are harder when firing a double action shot. Therefore, the sights will more than likely move outside the aiming area when applying trigger pressure.

Single Action Mode

In single action firing, the pistol is already cocked because the cycle of operation in the first double action shot leaves the hammer cocked to the rear. Therefore, the only action taking place as the trigger is moved to the rear is the hammer moving forward, firing the pistol. A single action shot requires approximately 4 to 6 pounds of pressure to move the trigger rearward. Therefore, the application of trigger control is easier when firing a single action shot.

To enable the first shot to be fired single action, the pistol’s hammer can be manually cocked with the thumb:

Single Action or Double Action Firing Factors

The decision to fire in a single or double action mode is made rapidly. Ultimately, the decision is based on the Marine’s abilities, but the decision is also based on time and accuracy. The pistol is fired in the double action mode when trigger control, sight picture, and stability of hold are not as critical for accuracy (i.e., close range, large targets). The pistol is fired in the single action mode when the fundamentals are more critical to accuracy (i.e., long range, small targets).

Time

The Marine sacrifices time to fire a single action, precision shot; but what he sacrifices in time, he gains in accuracy.

For quick engagements at close range, there may not be time to thumbcock the pistol for a single action shot. Therefore, firing the first shot in the double action mode is preferred because shots are needed on target quickly and stability of hold and sight picture are not as critical to accuracy.

When time permits and for targets at longer ranges, the pistol may be thumbcocked to place it in the single action mode to reduce the weight of the trigger and the distance the trigger must travel rearward to fire the first shot.

Distance and Size of the Target

The smaller the target, the more critical the application of the fundamentals in order to engage the target accurately. To accurately engage a small target (e.g., head shot, long-range target) it is better to thumbcock the pistol for a single action shot. Engagement of a smaller target requires additional precision because sight alignment and sight picture are more critical to accuracy.

Two-Shot Technique

During combat, the preferred pistol engagement technique is to rapidly fire more than one shot on a target to eliminate it as a threat. Two shots fired in rapid succession increase the trauma (i.e., shock, blood loss) on the target and increase the Marine’s chances of quickly eliminating the threat. Therefore, two shots are most often fired in rapid succession on a target at close range.

After the pistol is fired, the muzzle climbs with the recoil of the pistol. To fire two shots, the Marine must quickly recover the sights to the same area on the target while re-acquiring sight alignment and sight picture. The proper recovery automatically brings the sights back on target following recoil. A quick recovery allows more time for the Marine to align the sights and apply trigger control to fire the next shot. Recovery begins immediately after the application of the fundamentals to bring the pistol sights into alignment with the target in preparation for firing the next shot.

The amount the muzzle climbs during recoil depends on the amount of controlled muscular tension in the grip and wrists used to stabilize the pistol and create consistency in resistance to recoil. Controlled muscular tension allows the pistol sights to recover consistently back on target within a minimum amount of time. The speed of delivery of multiple shots depends on how fast the Marine can re-acquire sight alignment. Sight recovery is determined by the following:

Slow Fire Technique

Sight alignment becomes more critical the smaller the target and the greater the distance to the target. In these situations, the Marine does not engage the target with two rapidly fired shots because he has to slow down his application of the fundamentals in order to fire a precision shot(s). To engage small targets (i.e., partially exposed) and targets at longer ranges where precision is required, the Marine must employ the following slow fire technique:

Once the Marine has quickly assessed the situation and determined that the threat still exists, he may make the decision to re-engage the target to eliminate it as a threat. Re-engagement techniques include engaging the target with a precision shot through slow fire, two shots, or offset aiming. The time, size, and distance to the target as well as the Marine’s marksmanship abilities dictate the technique used to re-engage the target.

Slow Fire Technique

If the Marine has engaged a target and the target still poses a threat, the Marine may choose to slow down his application of the fundamentals[7-4] and fire a slow fire, precision shot. The placement of one well-aimed, precision shot on a designated area of the target increases the chances of eliminating the target as a threat. However, the time the Marine has to engage the target determines if he can slow down his application of the fundamentals to fire a precision shot. Firing a precision shot takes time, so the Marine will sacrifice time for accuracy.

The key to successful shot placement is the Marine’s ability to slow down his performance and focus on the application of the fundamentals of marksmanship. The Marine must determine where to place shot for maximum effectiveness. In order to make this decision, the Marine must consider distance and size of the target and time. For targets at close range and within the Marine’s marksmanship abilities, a precision shot is placed in the head to immediately eliminate the target as a threat. Sometimes, even at close ranges, the target may only be partially exposed; therefore, the Marine is presented with a small target and aims his sights on the portion of the target that is exposed. For targets at long ranges, the target is smaller and requires a precision shot. A precision shot may be placed in the body to add trauma to the target and increase the chances of eliminating the target as a threat.

Two-Shot Technique

If a target is accurately engaged, but does not go down, the Marine may re-engage the target with additional shots. Two additional, rapidly delivered shots increases the trauma and increases the Marine’s chances of eliminating the threat.

The size and distance to the target affect how quickly two shots can be delivered on the target. The speed at which two shots are fired also depends on the Marine’s marksmanship abilities and how fast he can re-acquire his front sight. However, the Marine must not compromise accuracy for speed; the key to successful target engagement is to fire only as quickly as the Marine can fire effectively.

Offset Aiming

When the Marine assesses the situation and determines his shots are not successful and not striking the target in the designated aiming area, he may employ offset aiming. Since the pistol’s sights cannot be adjusted, offset aiming is applied to adjust the aiming area and to cause rounds to strike center mass. This technique should only be applied when the Marine determines that he is applying the fundamentals of marksmanship correctly. Sight picture will change as the aiming area is adjusted.

The known strike of the round offset aiming technique requires shifting the point of aim to compensate for rounds striking off target center. To effectively engage a target using this technique, the Marine must be able to see where the rounds are striking and then aim an equal distance from the center of the aiming area opposite the observed strike of the round. For example, if the rounds are striking the target high and left of center mass, aim an equal and opposite distance low and right.

If engaging more than one target at a time, the Marine adheres to the fundamentals of marksmanship and employs the techniques of multiple target engagement. The introduction of multiple targets in a combat scenario requires additional skills that must be learned and practiced if a Marine is to be successful. To be effective in combat, the Marine must be able to detect targets through identification of target indicators (identified on page 7-1), prioritize the targets, and employ multiple target engagement techniques.

Combat Mindset

Successful engagement of multiple targets requires a somewhat different mindset from single target engagement. For example, following engagement of a single target, the Marine assesses[7-5] the situation. During multiple target engagements, after the first target is engaged, he must immediately engage the next target and continue until all targets have been eliminated. Because split-second decisions must be made, the development of a combat mindset is important to success on the battlefield. A combat mindset allows the Marine to control the pace of the battle rather than react to the threat.

Mental preparedness is essential to successful engagement of multiple targets, and the required mindset must be developed until it becomes second nature to the Marine. When multiple targets appear, the Marine must prioritize the targets to establish an engagement sequence. To prioritize targets and establish an engagement sequence, the Marine must be aware of the surroundings, not focus on one target, and continuously search the terrain for additional targets.

Prioritizing Targets

Once multiple targets have been identified, they must be prioritized in terms of the threat each target presents. While the fundamentals of marksmanship must still be applied, prioritizing targets and planning the engagement are just as essential to successful multiple target engagement.

Target priority is based on factors such as proximity, threat, and opportunity. It also encompasses the Marine’s proficiency level since a Marine should not attempt to engage a target beyond his proficiency level or the pistol’s capability (e.g., a target 100 yards away). The principal method of prioritizing targets is to determine the level of threat for each target so that all targets may be engaged in succession, starting with the most threatening and ending with the least threatening.

Prioritizing targets is an ongoing process. As the engagement proceeds, new targets may appear or previously identified targets may take cover, delaying their engagement. Therefore, the Marine must remain constantly alert to changes in target threat, proximity, and the opportunity for engagement and revise target priorities accordingly.

Engaging Multiple Targets

Once targets have been prioritized, the Marine must quickly eliminate them. It is crucial to understand and practice the physical techniques for engaging multiple targets until they become second nature. When these techniques occur as automatic responses, the Marine maintains an awareness of the complete battlefield and is able to concentrate on the mental aspects of multiple target engagement.

Engagement Methods

The fundamentals of marksmanship are critical to the development of skills to support multiple target engagement. While responsiveness is important when engaging multiple targets, the Marine’s primary concern is to place accurate rounds on target. A balance must be struck between placing shots quickly on targets at close range and slowing down to place precision shots on targets at long range because all targets pose a threat and must be accurately engaged. To engage multiple targets—

Considerations for Field Firing Positions

The selection and use of field firing positions are critical to engagement of multiple targets. As in any firing situation, if the situation permits, the Marine should make a quick mental review of the terrain to select a firing position that provides stability, mobility, and observation of the enemy. The firing position should also provide flexibility for engaging multiple targets. The more dispersed the multiple targets, the greater the lateral movement the position must afford to engage them.

The prone position provides the maximum stability for firing well-placed shots, but engaging multiple targets from this position may require[7-6] adjustment in the position from shot to shot depending on the distance between the targets and their location. Because the arms are fully extended on the ground, the prone position can be restrictive, increasing the time it will take to recover the sights onto subsequent targets. If the Marine must make an adjustment in the prone position to engage multiple targets, he must ensure that he maintains proper arm placement. Improper arm placement may affect his stability of hold and his ability to acquire sight picture. The following identifies position adjustments:

The kneeling and standing positions provide an increased field of view and allow maximum lateral adjustment to engage dispersed targets. The type of adjustment the Marine must make in the kneeling or standing position in order to orient his body in the direction of each target is related to the distance between the targets. It is also related to the Marine’s ability to maintain stability of hold and recover from recoil. Once the first target is engaged—

The majority of combat targets will be moving; the enemy will move quickly from cover to cover, exposing himself for the shortest time possible. Therefore, a moving target must be engaged before it disappears. The Marine must engage a moving target with the same accuracy and precision used to engage a stationary target. Practice in the proper application of leads and the fundamentals of marksmanship enable the successful engagement of moving targets.

Types of Moving Targets

Moving Target

This type of target moves in a consistent manner (i.e., walking or running) and is in continuous sight as it moves across the Marine’s field of vision. However, unless the enemy is completely unaware of the Marine’s presence, this type of target is not likely to present itself.

Stop and Go Target

This type of target appears and disappears during its movement due to intermittent cover. It will present itself for only a short period of time before re-establishing cover. This type of target is most vulnerable to fire at the beginning and end of its movement because it begins slow and gains momentum as it leaves cover and then slows to avoid overrunning the new cover.

Leads for Moving Targets

Once the moving target has been identified it must be engaged. To engage a moving target, the Marine must aim at a point in front of the target, which is known as a lead. Lead is the distance in advance of the target that is required to strike the target when it is moving. To achieve success, determining the amount of lead to engage a moving target must be as precise as possible. When a shot is fired at a moving target, the target continues to move during the time of the bullet’s flight. For this reason, the aim must be in front of the target; otherwise, the shot will fall behind the target.

Factors Affecting Lead

Factors that affect the amount of lead are the target’s range, speed, and angle of movement.

Range. There is a time lag from the time a round is fired until the round strikes at the point of aim. This time of flight could allow a target to move out of the bullet’s path if the round were fired directly at the target. Time of flight increases as range to the target increases. Therefore, the lead must be increased in proportion to the distance to the target.

Speed. A greater lead is required to hit a running man than a walking man because the running man moves a greater distance during the flight of the bullet.

Angle of Movement. The angle of target movement also affects the amount of lead required for target engagement. The angle of movement across the Marine’s line of sight relative to the flight of the bullet determines the type (amount) of lead.

Types of Leads

Full Lead. The target moves straight across the Marine’s line of sight with only one arm and half the body visible. This target requires a full lead because it moves the greatest distance across the Marine’s line of sight during the bullet’s flight.

Half Lead. The target moves obliquely across the Marine’s line of sight (at about a 45-degree angle). One arm and over half of the back or chest are visible. This target requires half of a full lead because it moves half as far as a target moving directly across the Marine’s line of sight during the bullet’s flight.

No Lead. A target moving directly toward or away from the Marine presents a full view of both arms and the entire back or chest. No lead is required. This target is engaged in the same manner as a stationary target because it is not moving across the Marine’s line of sight.

Point of Aim Technique

To engage a moving target, a Marine establishes a lead using a point of aim offset aiming technique. This technique uses predetermined points of aim to sector a man-sized target vertically, halfway between center mass and the leading edge of the target (both one point of aim and two points of aim) (see fig. 7-1 on page 7-8). The same units of measure can be applied off the target for holds of additional points of aim. To use the point of aim technique to establish a lead on a man-sized moving target at various ranges, speeds, and angles of movement, the following guidelines apply. See figure 7-2 on page 7-9.

Methods of Engagement

Moving targets, although difficult, can be engaged by the tracking or ambush method or a combination of the two. See figure 7-2 on page 7-9.

Tracking Method

In this method, the Marine “tracks” or follows the target with his front sight while maintaining sight alignment and a point of aim on or ahead of (leading) the target until the shot is fired. Sight picture is the aiming point in relation to the target while maintaining sight alignment (when a lead is established in moving target engagement, the sights are not entered on the target). To execute the tracking method—

Ambush Method

The ambush method is generally used to engage a stop and go target and when it is difficult to track the target with the pistol, such as in the prone position. With this method, the pistol is aimed at a predetermined engagement point ahead of the target and along its path, allowed to remain stationary, and fired when the target reaches the predetermined engagement point. The engagement point is based on the required point of aim (lead) to engage the target effectively. When the sights are settled, the target moves into the predetermined engagement point creating the desired sight picture. Once sight picture is established, the remaining pressure is applied on the trigger until the shot is fired. To execute the ambush method—

Applying the Fundamentals of Marksmanship

The engagement of moving targets is a perishable skill that must be practiced frequently if it is to be maintained. The Marine must practice to develop the skill to calculate the point of aim (lead) and[7-9] fire the shot while maintaining the proper point of aim (lead).

To engage moving targets using the tracking method, the Marine moves the pistol smoothly and steadily as the target moves. A stable position and firm grip are necessary to steady the pistol sights while tracking.

When using the tracking method, continue tracking the target while following through with the shot process so the point of aim (lead) is maintained as the bullet exits the muzzle. Continuing to track also enables a second shot to be fired on target if necessary. Concentration should be on continuing to track while applying the fundamentals. The fundamentals must be instinctively applied, allowing concentration on tracking the target and applying point of aim (lead).

Aiming

Sight alignment remains unchanged for accurate engagement of a moving target. The most common error when engaging moving targets is to focus on the target rather than focusing on the front sight. Sight picture is the point of aim in relation to the target while maintaining sight alignment. For both the ambush and tracking methods, sight picture is changed from the normal center mass picture, based on range, speed, and angle of movement of the target. It takes practice in moving target engagement to quickly establish the desired sight picture for a given point of aim (lead).

Breath Control

There is no difference in breath control when engaging moving targets; the breath is held to fire the shot.

Trigger Control

Trigger control is critical to firing shots while establishing and maintaining sight alignment and sight picture. Because the single action mode is the preferred method of engaging a moving target,[7-10] the pistol is thumbcocked before trigger control is applied. The following guidelines apply:

In combat, a situation may arise where the Marine must engage a target by using only one hand. A Marine fires the pistol one-handed when—

Adjustment of the Standing Position

To fire accurately, the Marine must maintain the same stability and control of the pistol, manage recoil, and recover on target as effectively with one hand as with two. This is accomplished by adjusting the standing position as the pistol is presented to the target (see fig. 8-1).

The Marine’s angle to the target determines what adjustments are made to the standing position. This adjustment is made while the pistol is being presented to the target by moving or sliding the feet to orient the body to the target. For stability and balance, the right foot may be slightly forward of the left foot. The further to the right of the Marine the target is the farther forward the right foot will be. To adjust the standing position when firing one-handed—

Searching and Assessing After Firing

Following one-handed target engagement, the Marine must quickly decide if it is to his advantage and if it is possible to free his occupied hand in order to place both hands on the pistol to search and assess. Whenever possible, the Marine places both hands on the pistol to increase stability and to be ready for re-engagement if necessary.

Dry Reload

Condition 1 Reload

When only one hand is available, a Condition 1 reload can be performed as follows:

Remedial action requires investigating the cause of the stoppage, clearing the stoppage, and returning the pistol to operation. When performing remedial action, seek cover if the tactical situation permits. Once a pistol ceases to fire, the Marine must visually or physically observe the pistol to identify the problem before it can be[8-5] cleared. The steps taken to clear the pistol are based on what is observed:

If there is a round in the magazine but not in the chamber, release the slide and observe a round being chambered. If you do not observe a round being chambered, tap, rack, and bang to perform remedial action:

During combat, the Marine must be prepared to engage targets at any time. Therefore, the Marine must have the ability to present the pistol from the holster with his weak (left) hand if circumstances prevent him from using his strong (right) hand. He must apply the same smooth, controlled movement to present the pistol to the target. There are three methods for withdrawing the pistol from the holster with the weak hand. The Marine should practice each method to determine which works best for him.

Method One: Pistol Rotation

Method Two: Hand Rotation

Method Three: Knee Placement

This method is particularly effective when firing from the two-knee kneeling position and the standing position.

Situations may arise in combat where the Marine must transfer the pistol to the left hand to engage a target because the right hand or arm is injured. To safely transfer the pistol from one hand to the other, perform the following steps:

Some tactical situations are quite complex and require Marines to apply advanced pistol engagement techniques in order to effectively engage the enemy and survive. The ability of the Marine to rapidly shoot on the move and to turn and fire will be critical to a successful engagement.

When moving from one area of cover to another, the Marine may engage a target that presents an immediate threat. In this situation, the Marine relies on accurate fire to serve as his cover.

Moving With the Pistol

The likelihood of encountering a threat dictates how the pistol is carried while the Marine is moving. But regardless of the method of carry, the pistol’s muzzle is pointed in the same direction that the head and eyes are looking—the eyes and muzzle move as one.

When carrying the pistol in the Alert position, the pistol is tucked in close to the body, finger off the trigger. This position allows the Marine freedom of movement and still allows for a quick presentation of the pistol.

If there is a high probability of encountering a threat, the Marine carries the pistol in the Ready position while moving.

Moving: The Glide Technique

To shoot accurately while moving, the Marine cannot run or walk fast. A normal running movement produces too much bounce in the Marine’s body and makes it extremely difficult to use the sights of the pistol or to achieve the needed level of stability for accurate shooting. Therefore, the proper movement technique is similar to a glide and allows for accurate target engagement:

The glide is not a technique that can be used for a long period of time or for long distances. Rather, the Marine can move in a normal manner until it becomes necessary to engage a target, he then slows and assumes the glide.

Engaging Targets: Using the Pistol Sights

When the Marine fires the pistol, he must concentrate on the pistol’s front sight. The adherence to the fundamentals of marksmanship becomes even more vital when both the Marine and the enemy may be moving.

Continuing to Move

A Marine continues to move no matter what happens. Continuing to move makes it difficult for the threat to engage the Marine and can be one of the Marine’s best defensive assets. When moving to cover or to a different position, the Marine should not stop to engage a target.

Reloading and Stoppages

If a stoppage occurs or a reload is required while moving, the Marine’s primary consideration is to keep moving and seek cover. Ideally, reloads and clearing stoppages are performed behind cover.

The techniques for turn and fire allow a Marine to engage a target that is not directly in front of him. The key to turn and fire is smoothness and quickness of pivoting and presentation of the pistol to engage the threat. Turn and fire is based on the principle that wherever the head goes, the body follows.

Engaging Targets 90 Degrees to the Right and Left

The Marine turns the head toward the threat and identifies the target. Once the target is identified, the Marine maintains focus on the target for the rest of the presentation.

If engaging a target 90 degrees to the right, the Marine turns toward the target by raising the left foot while pivoting on the ball of the right foot. The Marine plants the left foot once he is facing the target squarely. The stance is natural. See figure 9-1. The Marine then engages the target.

If engaging a target 90 degrees to the left, the Marine turns toward the target by raising the right foot while pivoting on the ball of the left foot. The Marine plants the right foot once he is facing the target squarely. The stance is natural. See figure 9-2. The Marine then engages the target.

Engaging Targets 180 Degrees to the Rear

The Marine turns the head toward the target, looking over either the right or left shoulder, and identifies the target. Once the target is identified, the Marine maintains focus on the target for the rest of the presentation. See figure 9-3 on page 9-4.

If the Marine pivots to the right to engage the target, pick up the left foot, move it across the right foot, while pivoting 180 degrees on the ball of the right foot, plant the left foot, and squarely face the target in a natural stance. See figure 9-4 on page 9-4.

If the Marine pivots to the left to engage the target, pick up the right foot, move it across the left foot, while pivoting 180 degrees on the ball of the left foot, plant the left foot, and squarely face the target in a natural shooting stance. See figure 9-5 on page 9-4.

An effective combat marksman must be prepared to detect and engage targets under a variety of conditions. Factors such as terrain and opportunity often dictate that the Marine engage combat targets at night or under low-light conditions.

The fundamentals of marksmanship are employed for engagement of targets in low light and darkness just as they are in daylight. However, the principles of night vision and target detection when engaging targets at night must be applied.

In the stress of the combat environment, Marines must eliminate any hesitation, fear, or uncertainty of action and focus on the actions to fire well-aimed shots. This is important during low light and darkness when attention is more easily diverted because the sense of vision is reduced. This may create a shock of awareness as the Marine relies more heavily on his other senses. Every noise, movement, and muzzle blast appears intensified at night. The physical acts of shooting must become second nature to the Marine, so his focus will not be diverted from firing well-aimed shots. This is accomplished through mental preparedness and training until shooting actions become instinctive.

Night Vision Adaptation

The first method is to remain in an area of darkness for about 30 minutes. This area can be indoors or outdoors. The major disadvantage of this approach is that a Marine is not able to perform any tasks while acquiring night vision in total darkness.

The second method is to remain in a darkened area under a low intensity red light (similar to the light in a photographer’s darkroom) for about 20 minutes, followed by about 10 minutes in darkness without the red light. This method produces almost complete night vision adaptation while permitting the performance of some tasks during the adjustment period.

Night Vision Maintenance

Because the eyes take a long time to adjust to darkness, it is important to protect night vision once it is acquired. To maintain night vision, the Marine avoids looking at any bright light and shields the eyes from parachute flares, spotlights, or headlights. When using a flashlight to read a map or other material—

Once the Marine has acquired night vision, he is prepared to locate targets. Some of the daylight observation techniques, such as searching for target indicators, also apply at night or in low light. But night observation techniques must allow for the limitations of night vision and the need to protect it.

Off-Center Vision

Because of the placement of the cones in the center of the retina and the rods around the edges, the angle at which the Marine observes an object at night affects how well it is seen. Off-center vision is the technique of keeping the attention focused on an object without looking directly at it. To maximize the use of the eye’s rods that provide night vision—

Each Marine must experiment and practice this technique to find the best off-center angle. Typically, the best off-center angle is 6 to 10 degrees away from the object or about a fist’s width at arm’s length. See figure 10-1.

Scanning/Figure Eight Scan

Scanning is the use of off-center vision to observe an area or object and involves slowly moving the eyes in a series of separate movements across the objective area. See figure 10-2. To execute a figure eight scan, move the eyes in a figure eight pattern in short, abrupt, irregular movements over and around the area. Once a target indicator has been detected, focus should be concentrated in that area, but not directly at it. It is more effective to scan from a prone position or a position closer to the ground than the object being observed, creating a silhouetted view of the object. When scanning an area, look and listen for the same target indicators as in daylight: movement, sound (which seems louder at night than during daylight), and improper camouflage. Also, objects in bright moonlight/starlight cast shadows just as in sunlight.

Both ambient (natural) light and artificial illumination can affect a Marine’s perception of the target’s distance and size and his night vision. The following situations produce less of an effect at the close ranges that pistol engagements occur, but they still affect target detection and engagement:

The Marine must keep both eyes open to get maximum visual coverage of the target area. Keeping both eyes open also improves depth perception and peripheral vision.

Sight alignment and sight picture are obtained the same way in darkness as in daylight. There is normally enough ambient light to perceive objects as far away as 50 meters, especially if they are moving. However, when pistol sights are placed on a dark background, such as a camouflaged target, the Marine may not be able to acquire and align the sights clearly. Instead, the Marine may have to rely almost entirely on his presentation, firing position, and grip to get the pistol on target. To check for sight alignment or acquire the sights:

A flashlight can be used in low light and darkness to identify and illuminate targets. It is also used to acquire sight picture.

Types of Flashlights

There are a variety of flashlights used throughout the Marine Corps. They come in many different shapes and sizes; however, they are either straight/tubular or L-shaped.

Straight/Tubular

The straight/tubular flashlight is the most common. The body of the flashlight is a straight/tubular shape with the lens at the head of the flashlight. The on/off mechanism is located along the body or at the base of the flashlight.

L-Shaped

The L-shaped flashlight has a straight/tubular body, with the head/lens of the flashlight positioned at a 90-degree angle to the body of the flashlight. The on/off mechanism is located along the body or at the base of the flashlight.

Activation Devices

Depending on the type of flashlight, there are several ways that it can be activated.

On/Off Button

On/off buttons are located either along the body of the flashlight or at the base. On/off buttons are operated in a number of ways, depending on the flashlight.

On/Off Switch

On/off switches are mounted on the body of the flashlight. This switch has three settings that allow the flashlight to be either on, off, or in manual mode. In the manual mode, the flashlight is turned on by pressing and holding the button located next to the on/off switch.

Rotating Head

Rotating the head of the flashlight, either clockwise or counterclockwise, turns the flashlight on. Continuing this motion allows the width and intensity of the beam to be adjusted.

Types of Lenses

Clear Lenses

Clear lenses are used primarily for target detection and to illuminate the pistol sights. They are the most commonly used lens.

Colored Lenses

Colored lenses include red, amber, and blue. These lenses are used primarily for map reading and signaling, but can be used to illuminate the pistol’s sights.

Target Detection

When a target is illuminated, the front sight may become silhouetted against the target, providing the sight picture needed to engage the target. During target detection, the Marine’s focus should be twofold: to scan the area to identify possible targets and to assess the area to formulate a plan for engagement or cover (e.g., identifying the quickest route to cover, determining the best method for engagement based on terrain).

Searches

The Marine executes a hasty search immediately upon entering a new area in order to identify a threat that poses immediate danger. To execute a hasty search—

The Marine executes a detailed search after the hasty search. A detailed search focuses on target indicators identified during the hasty search. To conduct the detailed search—

Considerations

During night operations, the Marine should use a flashlight whenever possible. A flashlight not only helps the Marine locate targets at night, but the beam can be aimed directly at the target once it is detected and temporarily blinds the target. This gives the Marine the advantage to react before the target does. However, the Marine must consider the following:

Target Engagement

Once a target is detected using a flashlight, the flashlight can be used to acquire sight picture and facilitate engagement of the target. The fundamentals of marksmanship are employed for engagement of targets in darkness just as they are in daylight. However, the Marine must apply the principles of night vision and target detection and must be able to employ a flashlight properly when engaging targets at night.

Grip

To engage a target accurately while using a flashlight, the flashlight must be held to maintain the pistol’s stability, control, and recoil during firing. Normally, the left hand (two-handed grip) provides the pistol’s stability and ability to manage recoil. However, when firing with a flashlight, the left hand holds and operates the flashlight. Therefore, some stability, control, and management of recoil is lost.

Securing the Flashlight

Most flashlights come equipped with a retaining loop located at the base for ease of transportation. To position the cord properly:

If the flashlight has a retaining loop, attaching a cord to the loop helps support and stabilize the flashlight when the Marine must fire the pistol with the flashlight in his left hand. The cord also helps retain the flashlight.

Acquiring Sight Alignment/Sight Picture

When holding a flashlight on a target, the tendency is to look at the target rather than the sights. Sight alignment is still necessary for effective target engagement. Using a flashlight to illuminate a target allows the Marine to—

Target Engagement Techniques

Two-Handed Grip Technique. This technique is typically used with a straight/tubular flashlight. The pistol and flashlight must be side by side and level so the Marine can engage a target without making adjustments to the pistol or the flashlight. This technique is also effective for firing multiple shots because the flashlight and pistol recoil as a unit.

Whenever possible, the flashlight is just in front of the muzzle of the pistol so that it does not illuminate the pistol. Placement of the flashlight alongside the pistol may need to be adjusted depending on the size of the flashlight or the location of the on/off mechanism.

This technique can also be incorporated into a Weaver position; the more the left hand wraps around the right, the more the body can be angled and the left elbow bent. Apply push-pull pressure on the grip to stabilize the pistol. See figure 10-4.

Cross-Hand Technique. The cross-hand technique is used primarily with a Weaver position and can be used with either a straight/tubular flashlight or an L-shaped flashlight (see fig. 10-5):

Considerations for the Carry/Transport

When searching an area for targets, the Marine moves with the pistol at the carry or transport dictated by the threat level.

The Ready. If enemy contact is expected (contact imminent), the Marine carries the pistol at the Ready and carries the flashlight in his left hand and incorporates it into his firing grip. In the Ready, the Marine can search for targets and readily present the pistol and flashlight to the target for engagement without making adjustments to either the grip or the flashlight. See figure 10-6 on page 10-8.

The Alert. If enemy contact is likely, the Marine carries the pistol at the Alert and the flashlight in his left hand and incorporates it into his firing grip. The Marine must ensure the flashlight is not pointed at the deck because it illuminates the Marine. If necessary, the head of the flashlight may have to be tilted up to elevate the beam to increase the field of view. If the flashlight has been tilted, it has to be lowered so it is level with the pistol muzzle and the light shines directly on the target in order to establish sight picture. See figure 10-7 on page 10-8.

Holster Transport. If there is no immediate threat, the pistol is holstered and the Marine carries the flashlight with his left hand to search for targets. Should a target present itself, the Marine presents the pistol from the holster and engages the target. Time and distance to the target dictate whether the Marine incorporates the flashlight and his left hand into the firing grip.

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Chapter 1. The M9 Service Pistol
Functional Capabilities	1-1
Single-Action Mode	1-1
Double-Action Mode	1-1
Nomenclature	1-1
Major Components	1-1
Slide Assembly	1-1
Safety Features	1-3
Decocking/Safety Lever	1-3
Firing Pin Block	1-3
Half-Cock Notch	1-4
Cycle of Operation	1-4
Firing	1-4
Unlocking	1-4
Extracting	1-4
Ejecting	1-4
Cocking	1-5
Feeding	1-5
Chambering	1-5
Locking	1-5
Ammunition	1-6
Wearing of the M9 Service Pistol’s Gear	1-6
M12 Holster	1-6
M1 Ammunition Pocket	1-7
M7 Shoulder Holster	1-7
Assault Holster	1-7
Concealed Pistol Holster	1-7
Lanyard	1-10
Firing the M9 Service Pistol While Wearing Gloves	1-10
Preventive Maintenance	1-11
Pistol Disassembly	1-11
Disassembly of the Magazine	1-12
Inspection of the Pistol	1-13
Cleaning and Lubricating the Pistol	1-13
Pistol Re-assembly	1-14
Pistol Magazine Re-assembly	1-14
Safety/Function Check	1-14
User Serviceability Inspection	1-15
Pistol Maintenance in Adverse Conditions	1-15
Extreme Cold	1-15
Hot, Wet Climates	1-15
[iv]Hot, Dry Climates	1-16
Heavy Rain and Fording Operations	1-16
Amphibious Conditions	1-16
Chapter 2. Weapons Handling
Safety Rules	2-1
Weapons Conditions	2-2
Determining a Weapon’s Condition	2-2
Checking the Round Indicator	2-2
Conducting a Chamber Check	2-2
Weapons Commands	2-3
Loading the Pistol	2-4
Making the Pistol Ready	2-5
Fire	2-5
Cease Fire	2-6
Unloading the Pistol	2-6
Unloading and Showing the Pistol Clear	2-7
Emptying the Magazine	2-7
Filling the Magazine	2-7
Reloading the Pistol	2-8
Dry Reload	2-8
Condition 1 Reload	2-11
Reloading Considerations	2-12
Remedial Action	2-13
Stoppage	2-13
Malfunction	2-13
Remedial Action	2-13
Audible Pop or Reduced Recoil	2-14
Weapons Carries	2-15
Alert	2-15
Ready	2-16
Weapons Transports	2-16
Holster Transport	2-16
Administrative Transport	2-17
Combat Mindset	2-17
Physical and Mental Preparation	2-18
Threat Levels	2-18
Transferring the Pistol	2-19
Show Clear Transfer	2-19
Condition Unknown Transfer	2-20
Chapter 3. Fundamentals of Pistol Marksmanship
Aiming	3-1
Sight Alignment	3-1
Establishing Sight Alignment	3-1
Sight Picture	3-1
[v]Relationship Between the Eye and the Sights	3-2
Trigger Control	3-2
Sight Alignment and Trigger Control	3-2
Grip	3-2
Trigger Finger Placement	3-3
Types of Trigger Control	3-3
Breath Control	3-3
Application of Marksmanship Fundamentals in Field Firing	3-3
Compression of Fundamentals	3-3
Aiming	3-4
Trigger Control	3-4
Breath Control	3-4
Chapter 4. Pistol Firing Positions and Grip
Pistol Firing Position	4-1
Mobility	4-1
Observation of the Enemy	4-1
Stability	4-1
Pistol Firing Grip	4-2
Before Firing: Stabilize the Sights	4-2
During Firing: Allow Trigger Control	4-2
After Firing: Manage Recoil	4-2
Withdrawing the Pistol From the Holster	4-3
Weaver and Isosceles Variations	4-4
Standing Position	4-5
Weaver Standing Position	4-5
Isosceles Standing Position	4-7
Kneeling Position	4-7
Weaver Kneeling Position	4-8
Isosceles Kneeling Position	4-9
Prone Position	4-10
Weaver Prone Position	4-10
Isosceles Prone Position	4-12
Natural Body Alignment	4-13
Chapter 5. Use of Cover and Concealment
Cover Materials	5-1
Dirt	5-1
Cinder Blocks	5-1
Trees, Logs, and Telephone Poles	5-1
Sandbags	5-1
Considerations for Firing From Cover	5-2
Adjusting the Firing Position	5-2
Applying the Weaver and Isosceles Variations	5-2
Keeping the Body Behind Cover	5-2
Providing Support for the Position and the Pistol	5-3
Changing Positions	5-5
[vi]Moving	5-5
Supported Firing Positions	5-5
Supported Prone	5-6
Supported Kneeling	5-6
Supported Standing	5-6
Locate and Engage Targets From Behind Cover	5-7
Pie Technique	5-7
Rollout Technique	5-8
Combining the Pie and Rollout Techniques	5-8
Chapter 6. Presentation of the M9 Service Pistol
Sight Alignment/Sight Picture	6-1
Presentation From the Carries and Holsters	6-1
Presentation From the Ready	6-1
Presentation From the Alert	6-1
Presentation From a Holster Transport	6-2
Presentation While Assuming the Kneeling Position	6-7
From the Ready	6-7
From the Alert (Arms Straight)	6-7
From the Alert (Close Quarters, Elbows Bent)	6-8
From the Holster Transport	6-8
Presentation While Assuming the Prone Position	6-8
Isosceles Prone	6-8
Weaver Prone	6-8
Search and Assess	6-8
Chapter 7. Pistol Engagement Techniques
Target Detection	7-1
Movement	7-1
Sound	7-1
Improper Camouflage	7-1
Techniques of Fire	7-2
Double and Single Action Firing	7-2
Single Action or Double Action Firing Factors	7-2
Two-Shot Technique	7-3
Slow Fire Technique	7-3
Re-engagement Techniques	7-3
Slow Fire Technique	7-3
Two-Shot Technique	7-4
Offset Aiming	7-4
Multiple Targets	7-4
Combat Mindset	7-4
Prioritizing Targets	7-5
Engaging Multiple Targets	7-5
Moving Targets	7-6
Types of Moving Targets	7-6
[vii]Leads for Moving Targets	7-7
Methods of Engagement	7-7
Applying the Fundamentals of Marksmanship	7-8
Chapter 8. One-Handed Techniques
Presentation and Shooting	8-1
Adjustment of the Standing Position	8-1
Searching and Assessing After Firing	8-2
Reloading	8-2
Dry Reload	8-2
Condition 1 Reload	8-4
Remedial Action	8-5
Presentation From the Holster With the Weak Hand	8-7
Method One: Pistol Rotation	8-7
Method Two: Hand Rotation	8-8
Method Three: Knee Placement	8-9
Transferring the Pistol From One Hand to the Other	8-10
Chapter 9. Advanced Techniques
Shooting on the Move	9-1
Moving With the Pistol	9-1
Moving: The Glide Technique	9-1
Engaging Targets: Using the Pistol Sights	9-1
Continuing to Move	9-2
Reloading and Stoppages	9-2
Turn and Fire	9-2
Engaging Targets 90 Degrees to the Right and Left	9-2
Engaging Targets 180 Degrees to the Rear	9-3
Chapter 10. Low Light and Darkness Techniques
Combat Mindset	10-1
Night Vision Adaptation and Maintenance	10-1
Night Vision Adaptation	10-1
Night Vision Maintenance	10-1
Target Detection Techniques	10-1
Off-Center Vision	10-2
Scanning/Figure Eight Scan	10-2
Effects of Illumination	10-2
Acquiring Targets at Night	10-3
Sight Alignment/Sight Picture	10-3
Flashlights	10-3
Types of Flashlights	10-3
Activation Devices	10-3
Types of Lenses	10-3
Target Detection	10-4
Target Engagement	10-5

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Pistol marksmanship

Pistol Marksmanship

To Our Readers

FOREWORD

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 The M9 Service Pistol

Functional Capabilities

Single-Action Mode

Double-Action Mode

Nomenclature

Major Components

Slide Assembly

Extractor

Loaded Chamber Indicator

Barrel Assembly

Receiver

Disassembly Button

Slide Stop

Magazine Catch Assembly (Magazine Release Button)

Safety Features

Decocking/Safety Lever

Firing Pin Block

Half-Cock Notch

Cycle of Operation

Firing

Unlocking

Extracting

Ejecting

Cocking

Feeding

Chambering

Locking

Ammunition

Wearing of the M9 Service Pistol’s Gear

M12 Holster

M1 Ammunition Pocket

M7 Shoulder Holster

Assault Holster

Concealed Pistol Holster

Lanyard

Firing the M9 Service Pistol While Wearing Gloves

Preventive Maintenance

Pistol Disassembly

Disassembly of the Magazine

Inspection of the Pistol

Cleaning and Lubricating the Pistol

Pistol Re-assembly

Pistol Magazine Re-assembly

Safety/Function Check

User Serviceability Inspection

Pistol Maintenance in Adverse Conditions

Extreme Cold

Hot, Wet Climates

Hot, Dry Climates

Heavy Rain and Fording Operations

Amphibious Conditions

Chapter 2 Weapons Handling

Safety Rules

Weapons Conditions

Determining a Weapon’s Condition

Checking the Round Indicator

Conducting a Chamber Check

Weapons Commands

Loading the Pistol

Making the Pistol Ready

Fire

Cease Fire

Unloading the Pistol

Unloading and Showing the Pistol Clear

Emptying the Magazine

Filling the Magazine

Reloading the Pistol

Dry Reload

Condition 1 Reload

Reloading Considerations

Remedial Action

Stoppage

Malfunction

Remedial Action

Audible Pop or Reduced Recoil

Chapter 1
The M9 Service Pistol

Magazine Catch Assembly
(Magazine Release Button)

Chapter 2
Weapons Handling

Chapter 3
Fundamentals of Pistol Marksmanship

Chapter 4
Pistol Firing Positions and Grip

Chapter 5
Use of Cover and Concealment