Project Gutenberg's A Minniature ov Inglish Orthoggraphy, by James Elphinston This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: A Minniature ov Inglish Orthoggraphy Author: James Elphinston Release Date: May 25, 2005 [EBook #15901] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY *** Produced by David Starner, Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
Sold (Price 1 Shilling and 6 Pence) by
w. ritchardson, royal exchainge; t. boosey, n. 4,
braud-street, dhare; f. and c. rivvington,
n. 62; st. pauls churchyard; j. deighton,
n. 325, holborn; w. clark,
n. 38, bond-street.
1. Introduccion
2. Orthoggraphy ascertained in dhe vowels, and dheir serviles
3. Vocal substitucion, licenced and licencious
5. Ov dhe aspirates and dheir insertives
7. Ov impracticabel articulacion
9. Dhe guttural aspirate lost, or transmuted by moddern organs
10. Old R aspirate
11. Oddher antiquated idellers
12. Final fantoms, or dubblers ov final forms
13. Oddher falsifiers, medial or final; licquids or sibbilants; particcularly ti for a sibbilacion
14. Dhe orthoggraphy ov propper names
Hwen evvery oddher language, and at last our own, haz been reduced to' science; rendered accountabel to' natives, and accessibel to' straingers; hwence iz it, dhat our practice, growing daily more a contrast dhan an exemplificacion ov our theory, tempts ignorance to' speak, az blind habbit spels; raddher dhan to' dream ov spelling, az propriety exhibbits her unremitted harmony, hweddher in word or writing? For propriety, hwarevver herd, can be seen onely in her picture: nor can dhis be duly drawn, but from dhe oridginal; or dhe likenes long prezerved, in dhe coppies ov vulgarrity.
Scarce creddibel doz it seem, to' dhe anallogists ov oddher diccions, dhat hiddherto', in Inglish exhibiscion, evvery vowel and evvery consonant ar almoast az often falsifiers az immages ov dhe truith. Hetteroggraphy indeed, or false litterary picture, can arize onely from won, or a combinacion, ov foar cauzes: redundance, defiscience; mischoice, or misarraingement.
It iz not now new, dhat evvery Inglish vowel haz, not onely a longuer and shorter, but even a different sound, az open or shut by a consonant; dho A braud, open and shut, differ but in quantity. Nor iz it yet a secret, dhat certain mutes, or silent letters, (espescially vocal quiescents,) ar named serviles; rendering essencial az vizzibel service, boath to' vowels and consonants. Hware such gards ar wanted, dhey doutles wil attend; and, hwen dhey proov superfluous, az reddily widhdraw. Dhus dhe open vowel ov dhe simpel shuts, and dhe serviles vannish, in dhe penultimate ov dhe compound: shake, Shakspear; chear, cherfool; vine, vinyard, and dhe like. So formatives: stare and stair, starling; steer, sterling; shere, sherrif; child, children; kind, kindred; know, knollege; and dhe rest.
Evvery open ear must allow dhe aspiracion (h) to' articculate iniscially dhe braud vocal licquid (w); nor longuer imadgine dhat wh, apparent, can becom hw real; or dhat what, whale, wheels, can rascionally paint dhe power ov hwat, hwale, hweels. Dhe braud licquid (w) haz no place in hoal, total; or in hore, prostitute; distinct alike, to' dhe eye, from hole and hoar. But wh, iniscial, may wel prommise hw; if le and re, boath final, may picture el and er: az we admire, not onely on dhe little theatre, but in dhe centre ov dhe battle! Dho a tutch ov Rezons wand wil restore dhe buty ov truith; at wonce to' dhe littel theater, and to' dhe center ov dhe battel; az such buty beamed in dhe former century.
Dhe French table, chambre, ancien, danger, ar dhe unexcepcionabel parents ov dhe Inglilh tabel, chaimber, aincient, dainger; hoo ar too apt scollars, not to' lern from parental exampel, to' show dhemselvs hwat dhey ar; widhout wondering, dhat won tung iz not anoddher, or dhat each must hav her own essence and semblance; and dhat in ours, az in oddher picturage, an open vowel must not appear a shut won. Indispensabel dhen az dhe servile (i) in dhe three last exampels, iz it in aingel, dho inadmissibel in angellic; in evvery ainge and ainger, like rainge and rainger; az wel az in caimbric and Caimbridge; dho nedher in Cam nor Cambray.
If a slender, open, must hav in such case its gardian; a slender, even shut, hwen protracted, requires its protracting aspiracion (h): az in ah! Mahlah; so in Pahtric, fahdher, pappah, mammah, and ahnt; so distinct (dho safe enuf ungarded) from ant dhe emmet. But gahp, herd, iz dhus no longuer seen gape. Hant, hanch, and dheir fellows, admit not dhe braudener; hwich iz indispensabel to' wrauth, wauter, and vauz; nor need dhe protracting aspirer, more dhan doo chant and branch.
O must hav its own medial servant, to' ascertain its opennes; in poark, poart, spoart, foart, foard, goard, soard, (wonce sword), foarth, foarce, foarge; boast, coast, goast, moast, poast, and boath; justly az in dhe annimal boar, in board, boast, and dheir fellows; dho slow gender slowth, reggularly, az grow, growth. Widh poart and poast, poartal, poarter; poastage, and dhe like.
Better no attendant, dhan a false won. O direct (dhe common o) can nedher assume o, dhe servile ov o depressive (oo); nor u, hwich wood seem its partner in a dipthong. Doar, floar, and moar, ar dhus reggular and safe; dore, flore, and more, widh equivvalent servile, leve more coincident; yet compounds prefer dhe final servile: az batteldore,[1] Blacmore, Hwitmore; and Strathmore, scottishly strong on dhe latter syllabel.
Soll, spirrit, avoids occular union widh sole, alike, and soal: by adopting dhe servile ov poll, boll, toll, roll (widh controll,) scroll, and droll. Like dipthongal dainger precludes u from dhe servile funccion, duly undertaken by a in soar, moarn, boarn, distinct from boren or bor'n, dhe compannion ov woren or wor'n, sworen or swor'n, toren or tor'n, shoren or shor'n, and clear, az open and shut, ov born; in coart, goard, coarse, and soarce. Coarce, dhe ded boddy, dies no more in corpse; hwen dhus boren decently to' interment. Dhis precaution suffers o open, to' understand or omit, dhe servile before l and anny oddher consonant: az in old colt, wonce seen and herd ould coult. If old colt now suffice, oald coalt iz understood. For dhis rezon, goald must no longuer be robbed ov its depressive servile, wonce legally seen in gould. Au, widh les plea, suppresses its servile in like sittuacion; az salt and alder; except in dhe singuel assault! saut and vaut being, now, duly out ov dhe question.
If ou cannot now paint o direct, much les can it picture o depressive (oo); in you, youth, uncouth; should, would, or could: for yoo, yooth, uncooth; shood, wood, or cood. Hwen ou Inglish transferred its equivvalence from dhe French ou to' dhe German au, hwich compounds a braud, widh o depressive (au widh oo); az itself cood no more be frenchly interchaingeabel widh oo; nedher ov its parts waz more likely to' becom so. Do or who can no more dhan doe or hoe, (boath better employed!) or dhan shoe, canoe, lose, move, prove, behove; Rome, Coke, Pole, or simmilar; prezent dhe prezzent doo, hoo, shoo, canoo, looz, moov, proov, behoov, Room, Cook, Pool, or dhe like: for truith fears notthing from coincidence ov sound, and falsehood always leads astray. B may distinctively open dhe vowel, in climb and comb; but cannot render it also depressive in comb, tomb, bomb, and womb; for coomb, toomb, boomb, and woomb. Hwatevver u may hav been in Lattin vocallity, dhat figgure cannot guiv oo, even open, in Inglish; far les oo shut, in pull, bull, full; butcher, put, pudding, puss, push, bush; bushel, cushion; for pool, bool, fool, bootcher, poot, poodding, poose, poosh, boosh, booshel, and coossion: in all ov hwich, dhe oo iz doutles short az shut; and distinct az foolling and fooling. If u cannot prommise oo shut, no more can oo proxy u shut, in dhe singuel foot for fut. No servile can attend a shut vowel; and truith must hav her own, like suit and fruit: in dhe French bruit it iz also distinctive. Alreddy hav we seen o direct disguized, no les dhan o depressive; and can we longuer bair dhe Gallic beau, for dhe Brittish boe; more dhan dhe dubble falsifier beauty, for dhe Inglish buty, dhe sweet compannion ov duty?
Sew, shew, and strew, wer dhe preddecessors, so cannot be dhe identities, ov soe, show, and strow: dhe first dhus occularly clear ov sow, so different verb and noun! dhe latter, distinct to' dhe ear by dhe dipthong, hwich also distinguishes slough, no more swallowing sluf: toe and tow (no more jostling widh tough, now tuf), doe and dough, floe and flow, being respective coincidents; clear indeed to' dhe eye, boath ov boddy and mind. Ow final iz dipthongal in how, now! bow bend; cow, noun or verb; sow, the noun; in vow, verb or noun; and in allow, endow. Dhe dipthong distinguishes also slough, plough, and bough branch. O remains merely simpel in dough, az if dow. Bo! or boh! interjeccion, coincides widh boe and bow, boath nouns: dhe latter leving dhe dipthong to' dhe verb, or its accion, hwence dhe ball derives it in bowl; dhe open vowel distinguishing dhe bowl or bason, coincident widh boll and bole.
Dho won semblance may exhibbit, not onely two' senses, but two' sounds; won symbol must not pretend to' paint anoddher, unles by distinctive substitution. E proovs dhus dhe lawfool substitute ov a, in heigh-ho! moddernized hey-ho! in heighday, now hey-day! weigh, wey, hwey, prey, bey, dey; dhey, dheir, eir, eight, and freight; widh obey, inveigh, convey, survey, and purvey; az wel az hwen febel, in parley, barley, Harley, Chudleigh, and dheir fellows.
But e cannot be a, widh dhe servile dhat distinguishes e: tear cannot be clas-mate, at wonce to' fear and fair. If dherfor e cannot be a, widh a servile; and a need no substitute in dhe verbs tair, wair, swair, and bair; peir, dhe fruit, and beir, dhe beast, claim dhe substitute vowel, widh due servile; pair, pare, bair and bare, being engaged. For like rezon, braik and grait admit no vocal substitute. Where and there no more puzzel dhan bely, in dheir own shape, ov hware and dhare.
E fairly substituting dhe forrain i, in pier, bier, mien, lief, widh belief, believ; relief, reliev; and dhe rest; so distinct from peer, beer; mean, leaf; or so connected by alliance, forrain or domestic; dhe substitucion simmilarly prevails in shriek, fiend, fief, brief, chief, atchiev; thief, thiev; repriev, retriev; pierce, fierce, and tierce: ettymollogy howevver, scorning alike substitucion and superfluity, in receiv, receit, and dheir collaterals.
Forrain semblance belied dhe adoptives, oblige, marine, machine, magazine, fatigue, intrigue, antique, and shire; til Londoners began to' treat dhem az natives ov Ingland; not dreaming dhat dheir essence cood not here be prezerved, but in dhe guize ov oblege, marene, mashene, maggazene, fategue, intregue, anteke (or anteek, mareen, and dhe rest,) joined by legue, twegue, and shere: hwich last, dho dhus sevvered from sheer and shear, boath coincident in sound, waz beguinning, in dhe false shape ov shire, (like oblege, in dhat ov oblige,) to' violate Inglish harmony in evvery British nacion. Dhe same propriety, dhat dhus gards dhe Inglish vowel (e), prezervs, no les piously, dhe parental equivvalent (i), in obligacion, marriner, mackinate, mackinacion, indefattigabel, anticquity, az wel az antiquary; and evvery forrain buty, consistent widh domestic truith.
If dhe prezzent century hav made manny improovments, in orthoggraphy and elsehware; it haz certainly made manny alteracions, dhat wer dhe verry reverse ov improovment. Som eying truith, onely in her parents, wood allege dhat virtue alone cood persuade; havving lernedly perfwaded dhemselvs, dhat vertue might hav sweetnes, widhout partaking suavity, by hwich dhey pictured swavvity. It seems howevver high time dhat a certain kingdom, at length panting after evvery propriety, shood know and confes, dhat her name iz no more England, dhan Engelonde or Angland; or dhan her sovverain iz king ov France!
Since won symbol must no more usurp dhe office ov anoddher, o wil no longuer pretend to' paint A braud open (au); in ought, nought, brought, thought, sought, fought, bought; for aught (now indeed aut), and dhe rest: nor wil groat and broad expect anny more, to' be acknolleged graut and braud.
Nedher tongue nor tong (alreddy won ov a pair) can picture tung; dho u stil employ dhe distinctive substitucion ov o in son, male issue; nor les propperly dhe ettymolodgic in yong, mong, mongrel, monk, (widh monkey,) and Monday; in monney, bonney, conney, condit, constabel; az in yolk, so in covver, hovver, plovver; in lovver and glovver, from lov and glov. Cullor (nevver colour) avoids coincidence equally widh collar and coller; dhe latter greekly, not frenchly, affected choler.
But surely a vocal groop cannot shrink into' an Inglish shut vowel: nor cood dhe following French, or almoast French, be suppozed Inglish words: souple, couple; double, trouble; nourish, flourish; courage, courteous, country, cousin; journey, journal; sojourn, adjourn, and touch; more dhan such oddities claim continnuance, az young, rough, or tough: for suppel (alreddy almoast Inglish in supple,) cuppel; dubbel, trubbel; nurrish, flurrish; currage, curteous; contry (ettymolodgical substitute ov cuntry; like yong, ov yung;) cozzen az dozzen, no more dozen! jurney, jurnal; sodjurn, adjurn, widh tutch; tuf and ruf: not to' reprezent dhe so duly exploded, az authour, succour, superiour for author, succor, superior; hweddher agent, accion, or adjective.
Az vocallity must often depend on articulacion; consonants, like vowels, must nedher be too manny, too few, nor oddher dhan dhemselvs. If sounds open must not seem shut, sounds shut must not appear open. No servile can attend a shut vowel; hwich, on dhe contrary, must show dhe consonant dhat shuts it. Hwen a consonant concludes dhe syllabel, after an open vowel; a servile must gard dhe vowel from dhe consonant, hwich else wood shut it. A shut vowel dhen must show dhe shutter, or be left apparently open.
Dhe first vowel (a), slender or braud, may doutles be more or les so, by dhe prezzence or absence ov dhe stres, or vocal exercion. A slender, self or substitute, iz open az garded, in fain, fein, and fane; wail, and wale; open az unshut, in paper, favor, braver, bravest, braving, braved: so in fainer, feiner; az wel az faining, feined; wailing, wailed; waling, waled; articculated pa-per, fa-vor, bra-ver, bra-vest; fai-ner, fei-ner, and so on: for a singuel consonant, natturally (dhence nescessarily) articculates dhe following, not dhe preceding vowel. A, slender, iz shut in fan, fanning; and the like. A braud (au) haz its own distinctive servile in faun and fawn, in all and awl, ball and bawl. Dho l remain dhe servile in balling, az wel az dhe w in bawling; it iz no servile, but dhe effective shutter, in ballot, bal-lot, or dhe like.
A braud, shut, plays its own part, hwen articculated by w or qu (vertually cw,) in dhe propper Waller, az in wallet or quallity; in war, quarrel; wart, quart; wan, want, quantity, and such. A braud, shut, not so articculated, substitutes o shut: dhus dhe o ov cord iz perfetly coincident, or unison, widh dhe a in ward. Hware a performs its own braud-shut part, o becoms dhe substitute ov u shut, az in won word; quoth and quod.
E iz dhus open in mean and mien, tiend and fiend, siev and seiz; widh grief, griev; relief, reliev; receiv, receit, and dheir fellows. Open iz e likewize in meat, meet, and mete; (three coincident!) meeting, meting, and meter; shut in men, pen, fen; met, set; penny, fennel; penning, setting: and so foarth.
I iz open in fine, finer, finish; dine, dining, and diner; rime, riming, and rimer; fi-ner, fi-nish, and so on: shut in fin, finnish; din, dinner; brim, brimmer; fin-nish, and simmilar.
O iz open in Po, pole, polar, and polish; mode, modish; soal, sole, and soll; shut in sollace, pollish, and moddest; po-lish, pol-lish, and dhe like.
U iz open in unit, unite; tune, tunic, punic, studious; shut in studdy, unabated: u-nit, stu-dent, stud-dy, un-a-ba-ted; such compounds being licenced to' take in dhe singuel consonant ov dhe prepoziscion.
So hear we, and so see we,
a, e, i, o, u, open; ar, er, il, on, us, shut; may, me, my, mow[2], mew; mas, mes, mis, mos, must. So Mary, marry; even, sevven; ivy, Livvy; odor, odder; student, studdy.
If dhen open vowels must appear open, shut vowels must appear shut. Forrain, even parental, diccions cannot rule dhe picture ov dhe native: for picture can hav but won oridginal. Widh parrity ov rezon may (and must often) dhe parental vowel be open, and dhe descendant shut. To' edher iz Popes laconnic line applicabel:
Dhis dhey, dhat know me, know; dhat lov me, tel.
To' keep Inglish, dhus like French and Lattin, or spelling dhe contrast ov speech; our litterature haz hiddherto' no likenes ov our language; and haz continnued inaccessibel to' evvery native, az much az to' evvery strainger. For, hwile we lernedly lov to' see
Aloe, melon, lily, solemn,
carol, very, spirit, coral, borough,
manor, tenant, minute, honor, punish,
clamor, blemish, limit, comet, pumice,
chapel, leper, triple, copy,
habit, rebel, tribute, probate,
heifer, profit,
cavil, revel, drivel, novel, hovel,
city, pity, british, critic,
madam, credit, idiom, body, study,
tacit, licit,
hazard, ezad, lizard, closet, bosom,
vicar,
liquor,
liquid,
rigor,
rigid:
We shrewdly hope to' hear,
Alloe, mellon, lilly, sollemn,
carrol, verry, spirrit, corral, burrow,
mannor, tennant, minnute, onnor, punnish,
clammor, blemmish, limmit, commet, pummice,
chappel, lepper, trippel, coppy,
habbit, rebbel, tribbute, probbate,
heffer, proffit,
cavvil, revvel, drivvel, novvel, hovvel,
citty, pitty, brittish, crittic,
maddam, creddit, iddiom, boddy, studdy,
tascit, liscit,
hazzard, ezzad, lizzard, clozzet, buzzom,
viccar,
liccor,
licquid,
riggor,
ridgid.
Hwile dhus notthing but s can dubbel soft c, or sibbilantly shut dhe preceding vowel; and render precious, or vicious, hwat dhey ar; but prescious, or viscious; dhe sibbilants direct simpel figgure may not onely becom, in dhe ostensibel physic, visit, and vision, a dubbel depressive; in dhe real phyzzic, vizzit, and vizzion; but work equal wonders, in polysyllables ov anny extension; pretending, in dhe verry name, to' paint pollysyllabels. And dhus dhe trokees grow innumerabel, dhat shut and sharpen, shortening dhe former vowel; hwich dhey hav hiddherto' pretended to' exhibbit slowly and smoodhly open: so leving singuel dhe intermediate articulacion, hwich must be audibly dubbel, (must shut az wel az articculate,) and continnue dhe equal impossibillity, ov reading and writing our language.
For, hwen our diccion attains, like oddhers, dhe happy habbit ov appearing hwat it iz; alternate strength and febelnes must prezent mallice and maliscious, sollemn and solemnity, morral and morallity, mannor and manorial, limmit and limmitacion, habbit and habittual, spirrit, spirritual, and spirrituallity. So evvery consequencial, hweddher ov trocaic or dactyllian stres: orrigin, oridginal, oridginality, or originallity, reallity, quallity, equallity, verrity, verrily, ennemy, ammity, appathy, probbity; so, widh propphet, propphesy, and propphecy; but, by penultimate or antepenultimate ennergy, (dhe stres on last but won, or last but two',) prophettic, or prophettical: widh philossophy, philossopher, and philosopphic; widh avvarice, avvariscious; lodgic, logiscian; phyzzic, phyziscian; immage, imadgine; madjesty, majestic. Az alliment, saccrament; az orrifice, saccrifice, and orrator, widhout violacion ov aught sacred, or chainge ov oracion.
Oracion indeed iz dhus kept sacred az orrator: for t cood nevver sibbilate (or play s) in orthoggraphy, aincient or moddern; nor a dubbel articulacion pretend to' look singuel, more dhan a singuel a dubbel won. Dhe dactyl orthodox admits littel chainge in dhe dubbel trokee orthodoxy; like mellancolly, vulgarly melancholy: but orthoggraphy and orthograpphical ar, widh equal harmony, subject to' antepenultimate power. Like Propriety dherfor inserts dhe shutter we hear, in dhe duplication, az ov evvery simpel, so ov evvery aspirate, duly dubbled by dhe simpel insertive. Dhus p dubbels ph, and even f, f; in propphet, and proffit. But, az ph became f; so bh, universally v, nescessarily dubbelled in provverb. Az s or z dubbels dhe soft sibbilant aspirate, (sh or zh) in prescious, decizzion, t or d, respectively, dubbled dhat dhey rendered equal to' tsh or dzh: az tutching dhe madjesty ov relidgion.
But dhe Inglish tung, (raddher teeth,) enjoying dhe dental aspirate, direct and depressive (th and dh), beyond perhaps anny oddher language, aincient or moddern; can no longuer be denied dhe appearance, hware it so peculiarly pozesses dhe reallity, ov dubbling az wel az depressing its power. No more dhen can be confounded dhe aspirates ov oath, oadhs; ov bath, badhs, and badhe; ov Otho and oddher, Clotho and clodhier, dhis thing and dhat thing; dheze things and dhoze things: misaspiracion wil no more embarras, dhan misarraingement, Dhe Theater.
If defiscience ov symbols hav been so ezily and so amply exampelled; a ballance may be proffered in redundance; ov consonants, no les dhan ov serviles. Hwen evvery mute minnister waz supplied to' vocallity; dhe hardening gard ov g, at least, shood not hav been forgotten. If i waz indispensabel in aingel and dainger, u iz az recquizite in anguel and anguer, az in guerdon. Guet and guiv demand dhe (u) hardener, az boldly az gues and guilt. So redundance alreddy recalls, in order to' explode, guess and give! Widh dhis not onely seeing (for seing) and dhe like; but dhe falsifying final ov are, were; awe, owe; some, come; above, dove, love, glove; throve, drove, shrove, shove, hove; for ar, wer; aw, ow; som, com; abov, dov, lov, glov; throv, drov, shrov, shov, hov: hwere o for u guivs to' the ear, sum distinctive, widh cum, abuv, and dhe rest.
Superfluous, dhence obstructive, (distractive indeed!) dhe i ov either, neither; heifer and friend; dhe o ov people and yeoman; leopard and jeopard; dhe u ov eulogy, az ov eulogium; ov conduit, vertually cundit: a, obviously useles, after an oddherwize open vowel, in season, reason, treason, treacle, creature; in eave, heave, weave, leave, cleave, reave, greave; cease, lease, crease, grease; teaze, ease, please; like dhe e final to' sieve, grieve, relieve, receive; dhe second e in sleeve, geese, fleece, freeze, breeze, squeeze, cheese: for edher, nedher; heffer, frend; pepel and yeman, leppard, and jeppard; ellogy, az elogium; widh condit: so sezon, rezon, trezon, trekel, creture; eve, heve, weve, leve, cleve, reve, greve; cese, lese, crese, grese; teze, eze, pleze: siev, griev, reliev, receiv; sleve, guese, flece, freze, breze, squeze, cheze. But, like dhe i ov heifer and friend, dhe o ov leopard and jeopard; dhe u ov eulogy; iz dhe a ov leap-year and ov neap-tide; for lep-year and nep-tide; nay, shamefoolly, like dhe superfluity in all dheze, haz dhe a hiddherto' remained in health, wealth, and stealth; becauz it stil iz nescessary in heal, weal, and steal! and doutles, for som simmilarly cogent rezon, doz kind a continnue to' gard dhe same shut vowel! in realm, earl, pearl; earn, learn; early, earnest; earth, dearth, hearth, heard, hearse, rehearse, searce, search, threat, deaf, dead, head, bread, tread, dread, thread, stead, lead, read; ready, steady, heady, meadow; zealous, jealous, weapon, leaven, heaven, endeavour; pleasure, measure, treasure, leasure or leisure! for helth, welth, stelth; relm, erl, perl; ern, lern; erly, ernest; erth, derth, herth, herd, herse, reherse, serce, serch; thret, def, ded, hed, bred, tred, dred, thred, sted, led, red; reddy, steddy, heddy, meddow; zellous, jellous; weppon, levven, hevven, endevvor, plezzure, mezzure, trezzure, lezzure.
How (alas!) wil Brittish Libberty moarn her novvel chains, hwen she must not onely speak az she thinks, but write as she speaks; hwen rove, lov, and moov, can chime no more togueddher; hwen lead and led, read and red, live and liv, tear and tair, ar found oppozite, az East and West; nay, az open and shut vowels!
No les embarrassing iz dhe redundance ov impracticabel articulacion, iniscial, medial, or final, (in dhe beguinning, middel, or end, ov words:) dhe first indeed chiefly in forrain names, titels, or terms, hware a consonant, uncombinabel (mediately or immediately) widh a vowel, remains a ded rellic: az dhe c ov czar (dho contracted from Cezar), dhe p ov Ptollemy (mere Tollemy), or ptisic (for tizzic), dhe b ov bdellium, herd onely dellium; and even dhe p ov psalm, herd but sahm, dho dhe l be stil audibel in psalmist and psalmody, all effective beside dhe labial (p).
But no exampel can warrant dhe aspiring ideller, dhat pretends to' lead heir, heritage, heritable, heritor; herb, herbage, herbalist; honour, honorary, honourable; and even dhe humble humour ov dhe passing hour; insted ov eir, erritage, erritabel, erritor; erb, erbage, erbalist; onnor, onnorary, onnorabel; widh dhe umbel umor ov dhe prezzent our; hwich doutles can alone be called our our. Yet aspiracion cannot be denied to' inherrit, inherritance, inherritor, heredditary.
Dhe consonants dhat subjoin aspiracion (h), ar dhe labial, dental, lingual, and guttural; or dhe articculants from dhe lips, teeth, tung, and throat: p, t, s, and k; by dhe Lattins turned into c: az in Philadelphus and Philadelphia, Thales and Thalia, Sharon and Sheba, Charon and Chilo, hoom dhe Inglish, havving smoodhed away dhe aspiracion, ar fain to' call Caron and Kilo.
Aincient organs, howevver, dubbelled occazionally dhe guttural, az wel az dhe labial aspirate; dooing equal justice to' Bacchus and to' Sappho: moddern also, (peculiarly the Inglish,) dhe oddher two'; dhe simpel always sufficing to' dubbel dhe aspirate. New dialects softening, lost dhe guttural aspirate; til dhe Spannish probbably recovvered it from dhe Morish. The Itallian and Spannish, and from dhem dhe Inglish, endevvored to' make up dhe los, by prefixing dhe simpel dental to' dhe lingual or sibbilant aspirate, hwich dhe Gallic ear preferred widhout dhe dental; preferring dherfor dhe vertual sh and zh to' tsh and dzh. Inglish organs loozing, like French, dhe guttural aspirate, edher dropt dhe aspiracion, az in carracter and kemmist or kymmist; from character and chemist or chymist; or turned dhe hoal ruf guttural into' dhe smoodh labial aspirate. So softening cough, hough, trough, through, though; rough, tough, slough, chough, widh dhe proppers Hough, Brough, and Loughborough; into' cof, hof, trof; throo or thro', and dho: ruf, tuf, sluf, chuf; Huf, Bruf, and Lufburrough or Lufburrow. But Gough perhaps Orrigin recalled into' Goffe or Gof; hwile Lough became Inglishly Luf, and dhe guttural graddually melted in burrow, ov hwatevver kind.
Aincient ellocucion depressed no aspirate; sattisfied widh ph or f, th, sh, and kh or ch; widhout bh or v, dh, zh or gh. Dhe labial aspirate gennerated dhe Eollic digamma F (howevver turned), hwich by and by gave birth to' dhe Lattin V. If primmitive tungs gain dhus at length won depressive aspirate; succeding expression, particcularly dhe Inglish, came to' dubbel dhe depressive v az wel az dhe direct ph or f. French articculacion havving no more occazion for such dubbling dhan her parent Lattin, dhe Inglish acute or sharp accent askt it evvery moment; but seing no prescedent in oddher picturage, forbore to' exhibbit it, even until dhe prezzent our, dhat Inglish anallogy, matured at last, rezolved to' be seen, az wel az herd; to' reggulate practice by theory, and realize theory in practice.
Som Greeks, followed by som Lattins, fancied to' ad rufnes to' dhe licquid R, or to' paint its innate rufnes more foarcibly, by subjoining aspiracion. Hence rushed dhe Rhine and dhe Rhone, dhe Rhemi and Rheims, Rhoda and Rhodes; rhomb, rhumb, rheum, and rhubarb. Dhe Rhine brought Rhenish; az rhythmus rhythm, rhyme and rhime; til at length harmonious rezon introduced rime, boath into' French and Inglish; hwence dhe regennerated Rine, pouring purified Rennish, rouzed dhe rappid Rone to' rezistles emmulacion; brought Roda to' Rodes, and rubarb to' reumatism. Dhe verry rinosceros disdains now alike to' ruffen hiz horn widh adscitiscious snorting, and to' stifel even hiz moddern sibbilacion.
Hwen dhe guttural aspirate lost dhe aspiracion, dhe simpel guttural alone cood remain: az in Caron, Kiron, Akilles, Cloe, Cronus; widh carracter, corus, and coral, stil quite clear ov corral: wonce seen, because wonce herd, Charon, Chiron, Achilles, Chloe, Chronus, character, chorus, and choral.
Among medial idellers, hiddherto', not onely suffered, but sanccioned, even after parental ejeccion, ar[3] dhe s ov isle; l ov fault and vault, p ov receipt, b ov debt and doubt; c ov perfect and verdict[3]; here at last fairly seen ile, faut, vaut, receit, det, dout, perfet, verdit. Alike idel iz dhe raddical g ov feign and deign, for fein and dain; and, werse (if possibel) dhan idel, dhe g ov foreign and sovereign, for forrain and sovverain, from forain and souverain; az dheze from foraneus and supraneus.
How manny final fantoms, in articculating shape, must Truiths torch beam away! how manny dubblers ov a singuel clozer, espescially l, f, s, and c! az ill, off, ass, back; so err, inn, ebb, add, odd, egg: really no more, nor capabel ov being more, dhan il, of, as, bac; er, in, eb, ad, od, eg. Shall, for shal, doz addiscional mischief, by inviting ignorance to' brauden dhe vowel.
Our misrepprezented consonants seem reducibel to' dheze. 1. Licquid for licquid: l for r, in dhe French colonel for dhe Inglish curnel; n for m, in dhe unutterabel Banff, for dhe good town ov Bamf. Here too may enter for explozion, dhe n ov dhe indeffinite artikel, hweddher before a licquefaccion or an aspiracion; nedher ov hwich iz a vowel: so can we no more say an unicorn dhan an horse, for a unicorn or a horse. 2. Direct for depressive; f for v, in of for ov; s for z, in as, has, was, is, his; for az, haz, waz, iz, hiz: in dhe verbs, house, use, peruse, abuse, excuse, amuse, like muse, noun or verb; chuse or choose, widh dhe dubbly fallacious lose and vase: for houz (like brouz), uze, peruze, abuze, excuze, amuze, muze, chuze or chooz, looz, and vauz. Dhe verbs dhus, duly sevvered from dhe nouns, lead to' distinguish dhe verb refuze from dhe adjective refuse, az wel az from dhe substantive reffuse. Profuze and profuse, diffuze and diffuse, ar simmilarly distinguishabel. Az we saw s play dubbel z in visit and vision, for vizzit and vizzion; so see we dubbel s for z in dhe middel, and for won s in dhe end ov possess, for pozes; hwich hwile oppozite stres secures to' dhe ear from dhe formative ov poze, az cares from dhat ov care, dhe context may wel guide dhe eye ov attension to' dhe undouted meaning. No wonder if dhe direct figgure ov dhe sibbilant frenchly rose, and occasionally rises, for dhe depressive reallity; s for z in rose and rises, occasionally between vowels; for occazionally roze and rizes; nay for dhe dubbel depressive in risen, for rizzen. Dhis rivals indeed Stephen for Steven, and even nephew for nevvew. If Stephanus pretended to' pattronize dhe won, neveu (not nepos) must command dhe oddher.
But dhe French acaddemy, so exemplary in evvery exhibiscion ov its language, set nohwere so fatal or so followed an exampel, az in pretending to' conjure ti into' si before a vowel: a combinacion indeed! hwich Inglish picturage ventured onely to' constitute, raddher substitute, a sibbilant aspirate; dhe same groop condition prezenting in won picturage condicion; and dhence in dhe oddher condiscion. Yet French led not Inglish into' dhe dissolucion ov x into' ct, in flexion, reflexion; hwich dhe former nevver violated into' flection, reflection, or dhe like.
Innocent howevver wer oddher tungs ov mispainting, az ov mispronouncing dhe dental aspirate; hwich not attempting to' substanciate even direct, far les depressive, dhey aught not, at least need not, to' paint at all: az dhe French Tomas, if les like hiz parent dhan Thomas, wood be so much liker himself; hwile Tommas alone can tel Inglish truith.
But dhat Tommas, dho a gennerous confessor ov conviccion, iz not dhe alone Brittish truith-teller; dhat he iz rivalled indeed by evvery oddher propper aincient and moddern, can be no novvelty to' anny crittic ov litterary natturalizement; hoo must onnor at wonce dhe, hware possibel, prezerved ennergy ov orrigin; and dhe inviolate prezzervacion ov Inglish anallogy; in dhe unchainged compannions ov Euphrates, Darius, Heraclitus, Berea, Thalia, and dhe rest; az wel az in dhe irreffragabel buties ov Horrace, Terrence, Cezar, Ciscero, Senneca, Soccrates, Democcritus, Empeddocles, Heroddotus, no les dhan ov Jon, Phillip, Robbert, Parris, widh Hellen, Elizzabeth, and dheir oddher Anglicized frends.
Such iz dhe system ov Inglish Orthoggraphy, braught widhin dhe compas ov a few pages, on dhe unfailing principel, hwich aught to' govvern evvery plan ov litterary improovment: first, to' make no chainge dhat can rascionally be avoided; and dhen to' make precisely evvery variacion, from vulgar practice, dhat can be demonstrated indispensabel. Nor iz dhis aught else dhan a completed minniature ov Inglish Propriety ascertained in her picture: two quarto-vollumes graciously received by hiz prezzent Brittish Madjesty, from dhe same umbel hands; at St. Jameses, in 1786.
These emanations of the British Muse,
Where English thoughts could English dress refuse,
Were once presented to another press,
Though thence borne back, as hopeless of success.
What honest critic e'er could credit eligible,
Riddles to his researches unintelligible?
When ready caution guards the lit'rate realm,
Never shall foreign floods these isles o'erwhelm:
Orthography the mother-tongue shall give,
Ever, as every where, with Truth to live;
Truth, Reason, Beauty shall o'erspread the nation;
Shall solve the Riddle, with one contemplation.
The public monitor of truth,
Sworn enemy to what's uncouth,
With blockheads similarly spells,
(Orthography with pleasure tells)
That thus the force of ridicule
Should laugh the learned back to school.
What then should cause that laughter strange?
What should occasion gen'ral change?
Orthography the answer gives,
To satisfy whoever lives.
The honest will confess the pity,
Court, country, citadel with city;
That ancients, with the giddy young,
Should study still the Latin tongue;
Should leave to levity, to dolour,
The unproficient English scholar;
Should give the very stranger dread,
Of gibberish, that ne'er was read;
That ne'er was heard, without derision,
Eschewing ocular revision.
This one example well will prove,
Will lib'ral laughter doubtless move:
When Pedantry shall cease to swell,
Honour'd Humility will spell.
The beauty then, of British truth,
Resistless shall enamour youth;
Shall evidence th' asseveration,
Throughout th' etymologic nation;
That one poetic exhibition
Could, without lit'ral intuition,
Fill ev'ry literary article,
Though never spell one single particle:
Could faithfully the whole present,
Without[5] once shad'wing what were meant.
Dheze emmanacions ov dhe Brittish Muze,
Hware Inglish thaughts cood Inglish dres refuze,
Wer wonce prezented to' anoddher pres,
Dho dhence bor'n bac az hopeles ov succes.
Hwat onnest crittic ehr cood creddit elligibel,
Riddels to' hiz reserches unintelligibel?
Hwen steddy caucion gards dhe litt'rate relm,
Nevver shal forrain fluds dheze iles o'rhwelm:
Orthoggraphy dhe moddher-tung shal guiv,
Evver, az evv'rihware, widh Truith to' liv;
Truith, Rezon, Buty shal o'rspred dhe nacion;
Shal solv dhe Riddel, widh won contemplacion.
Dhe pubblic monnitor ov truith,
Swor'n ennemy to' hwat'z uncooth,
Widh blockheds simmilarly spels,
(Orthoggraphy widh plezzure tels)
Dhat dhus dhe foarce ov riddicule
Shood laf dhe lerned bac to' scool.
Hwat dhen shood cauz dhat lafter strainge?
Hwat shood occazion genn'ral chainge?
Orthoggraphy dhe anser guivs,
To' sattisfy hooevver livs.
Dhe onnest wil confes dhe pitty,
Coart, contry, cittadel widh citty;
Dhat aincients, widh dhe guiddy yong,
Shood studdy stil dhe Lattin tung;
Shood leve to' levvity, to' dollor,
Dhe unprofiscient Inglish scollar;
Shood guiv dhe verry strainger dred,
Ov guibberish, dhat nehr waz red;
Dhat nehr waz herd widhout derizzion,
Eskewing occular revizzion.
Dhis won exampel wel wil proov,
Wil libb'ral lafter doutles moov:
Hwen Peddantry shal cese to' swel,
Onnor'd Humillity wil spel.
Dhe buty dhen, ov Brittish truith,
Rezistles shal enammor yooth;
Shal evvidence dh' assevveracion,
Thro'out dh' etymmolodgic nacion;
Dhat won poettic exhibiscion
Cood, widhout litt'ral intuiscion,
Fil evv'ry litterary artikel,
Dho nevver spel won singuel partikel:
Cood faithfoolly dhe hoal prezent,
Widhout[6] wonce shadd'wing hwat wer ment.
[1] If not vulgarized from batteller.
[2] Ov mow dhe vowel and servile coalesce, (az in sow,) into' a dipthong, in dhe compound noun barley-mow.
[3] From dhe old barbarous French isle[4], faulte, voulte, recepte, debte, doubte; parfaict, vraidict: now duly île, faute, voute, recette, dette, doute, parfait, and vraidit from verè dictum.
[4] Inglish propriety, and indeed common-sense, must also protest against two' late misnomers: Th'isleworth for Thistelworth; and dhe forrain affectacion ov St. Mary la bonne (or even borne) for Marribone.
[5] Without one particle, representing what is read.
[6] Widhout won partikel, repprezenting hwat iz red.
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Minniature ov Inglish Orthoggraphy
by James Elphinston
*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY ***
***** This file should be named 15901-h.htm or 15901-h.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/9/0/15901/
Produced by David Starner, Keith Edkins and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team.
Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.
Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.
*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
https://gutenberg.org/license).
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that
- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is
owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments
must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg-tm works.
- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
of receipt of the work.
- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at https://pglaf.org
For additional contact information:
Dr. Gregory B. Newby
Chief Executive and Director
gbnewby@pglaf.org
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit https://pglaf.org
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
https://www.gutenberg.org
This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.