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Title: Hand-book on cheese making

Author: Geo. E. Newell

Release Date: May 20, 2023 [eBook #70813]

Language: English

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             Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HAND-BOOK ON CHEESE
MAKING ***





  Transcriber’s Note
  Italic text displayed as: _italic_
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  HAND-BOOK

  ——ON——

  CHEESE MAKING,

  ——BY——

  GEO. E. NEWELL.


  PUBLISHED BY
  THE MICHIGAN DAIRYMAN,
  GRAND RAPIDS.




ACKNOWLEDGMENT.


Thanks are due Messrs. Hunter, Walton & Co., of New York; Childs &
Jones, of Utica, and D. H. Burrell & Co., of Little Falls, N. Y., for
some statistical information contained in these pages.

  COPYRIGHT 1889,
  BY
  E. A. STOWE & BRO.

  PRESS OF
  FULLER & STOWE CO.




PREFACE.


This little work on cheese manufacture is inscribed to makers,
dealers and consumers, in the hope that its careful perusal may be
of aid to one and all. The prestige that American cheese holds in
the markets of the world has been threatened from many quarters, but
we who inaugurated the Cheddar system on this side of the Atlantic
are not prepared to succumb to competition, however sharp, or to
prejudice, however strong. American cheese will hold its own as long
as it has a square quality basis to stand upon. We possess the most
natural and privileged dairy regions on earth. Let us utilize to
their fullest extent the great advantages within our grasp. Dairymen
have of late been struck with consternation by the ascendency of
Canadian cheese over the States’ product. The dairy press have been
pounding away at the gruesome situation so vigorously that many
cheese men have been frightened into the belief that Canada has a
corner on gilt-edged quality and fancy quotations that is liable to
continue indefinitely. The writer has no such apprehension, however,
and sees no reason why an American cheese should not always be a
peer of the best. There has been unanimous action all over the
dairy portions of the Dominion to effect the slight advantage they
now hold. If, in a strenuous endeavor to improve the product, our
friends across the border have succeeded and at the same time have
stimulated us to a like movement, then thanks be to them. Legitimate
competition aids all mankind.

As the caption indicates, this treatise is from the pen of a
practical maker, who analyzes cheese manufacture from a standpoint of
practice and experience, and not theory. In elucidating to my readers
the fundamental and collateral fabric of milk manufacture, I write
from the desk of a cheese factory, with milk, utensils and product
under my immediate and daily supervision. In these pages, I shall
discard everything theoretic, and base the whole value of the book
on its practicability. In doing so my constant thought shall be the
elevation and supremacy of American cheese to the highest standard
attainable. To this manual I especially invite the criticism of the
cheese profession in general, trusting that it may be a convenient
book of reliable reference to the experienced and a work of utility
to the novice.

  GEO. E. NEWELL.

LEONARDSVILLE, N. Y.




THE FACTORY BUILDING AND SITE.


The site for a cheese factory should be a well-drained, slightly
elevated location, convenient to a copious and perpetual flow of
water. The size of the building is, of course, to be measured by the
amount of milk to be manufactured therein, but the same internal
arrangement is needed alike in both small and large factories. The
building should rest on a substantial stone foundation, with a free
circulation of air underneath, and a complete system of troughs be
appendent to carry all slops and whey beyond contaminating distance.
It is unnecessary that the building be more than a story and a half
high, unless the upper apartment is required for something besides
curing cheese. The make-room should be ceiled, and the curing-room
plastered. The make-room should be in the front of the building,
with the engine-room on one side of it and the milk delivery window
on the other. The curing-room should be in the back. Cut off all
superfluous space about the building and have just enough room to be
nicely convenient. Put an awning roof over the delivery window, wide
and long enough to cover wagon and team. Set the vats broadside to
the milk scales, with ends towards the outer door. The platform for
the weighing-can and scales should be on a level with the top of the
vats. A small office desk should be hung to the wall near the weigh
can, and close at hand, so that every patron can see them, should
be arranged the cream tubes, and lactometer. Tin utensils can be
hung on pegs in the wall, and a stout, low shelf in one corner will
support rennet and annottoine jars. Have the aisle between the vats
wide enough to permit of easy passage, and at the farther ends of
the vats sink a trough into the floor to carry off the whey. Have
similar troughs under the presses. The floor should be full enough
in the center to gravitate all slop toward the drains. It is useless
to have a factory floor wet all of the time; keep it dry by a system
of neatness. The curing-room should have an outside door, from
which cheese can be loaded. An adjoining lean-to shed, for storing
empty cheese boxes and housing fuel, is also a needed addition to
the building. For a one day milk delivery factory, no ice-house is
required. Build substantially and paint neatly, aiming to have a
model-looking factory.


Beginning of the Cheese Factory System in America.

About the year 1853, a gentleman residing near Rome, Oneida county,
N. Y., Jesse Williams by name, conceived the idea of manufacturing
his neighbors’ milk in common with his own. This is the first known
instance of manufacture in this country by associated dairies,
although the method was previously in vogue in Switzerland. I quote
from an old report: “It required a long time to create the demand
which now exists in England for American cheese, and to Herkimer
county, New York, belongs the credit of creating it and securing the
trade. It was mainly effected by bringing a high degree of skill to
bear upon the manufacture generally, thus producing not only a good
article, but uniformly good, or as near uniform as is possible when
made in different families. Cheese had been sent abroad in small
amounts for many years, but when once by good quality and uniformity
it had secured a firm foothold, the amount exported increased with
astonishing rapidity. By gradual growth it had come to nine million
pounds in 1859, in 1860 it amounted to twenty-three millions, in
1861 to forty millions, and the demand and supply have steadily
increased ever since. It is a noteworthy fact that systematic
attempts to improve the manufacture of cheese began to be made both
in Somersetshire, England, and in Herkimer county, New York, about
the same time; and also, that with no knowledge on the part of either
of the progress made by the other, after lengthened experiments, both
should have adopted substantially the same method; for it is a fact
that the Cheddar and Herkimer methods so closely resemble each other
that the only differences of any consequence are such as necessarily
grow out of the difference of climate. Their process differs from
most methods mainly in two particulars; first, in employing milk
which has attained a proximate degree of acidity, although never
enough to be sensible to the taste, instead of such as is quite
new; and, second, in the separation of the whey from the curd by
causing its contraction and precipitation, instead of depending
mainly on mechanical means. The improvements thus introduced within
a comparatively recent period have resulted in several important
advantages: First, a material reduction of labor; second, the
production of a larger amount and a better quality of cheese from a
given quantity of milk; and, lastly, the cheese made by this method
requires less time for the ripening process, and thus is sooner ready
for the market.


Utensils Necessary to Stock a Factory.

A boiler of moderate capacity, with fittings complete; milk vats with
steam pipes and connections; patent galvanized iron cheese hoops; a
gang press; weigh can with large gate; milk conductor to convey the
lacteal fluid from the weigh can to the cloth strainer over the vat;
common sized scales that will weigh at least 600 pounds; small sized
scales for weighing cheese; two curd knives, one with horizontal
and the other with perpendicular blades; large wheel with crank and
endless rope for hoisting milk; two stone rennet jars of a capacity
of ten gallons each; two thermometers, one for the make and the other
for the curing-room; jar for keeping annottoine; syphon and tin
strainer for drawing whey from the vat; a self-salting curd mill—a
curd mill is now indispensable to a factory, and a self-salting one
is indispensable where only one man is employed; rubber mop, curd
broom and floor broom; milk book for keeping accurate account of all
business transacted in the establishment, including daily receipts
of milk from patrons; a set of glass tubes in a case, for testing
milk as to the amount of cream it contains and comparing its state
of maturity; two water pails and one curd pail; a heavy curd scoop;
two dippers, one of three and the other of six quarts capacity; glass
graduated jar and lactometer for testing milk to locate water—be sure
and purchase a lactometer gauged for trying milk at 80° Fahrenheit,
many being gauged for 60° Fahrenheit, and of little use in hot
weather unless you have ice handy to chill the milk designed for the
test; stencils, case and brush for dating cheese and branding boxes;
tin funnel for conveying whey from the vat to the outside tank; curd
rake for agitating the product when cooking; a cheese tryer; a curd
sink is not now strictly essential, although some makers still prefer
to use one.

In glancing over the above list we will mention some of the articles
that can be supplemented by utensils of a more primitive and cheaper
make. Such a retrograde change is not, however, desirable, although
sometimes in a small factory where the receipts to the manufacturer
are limited, strict economy has to be practiced in order to leave
a margin of profit. With economists of necessity the boiler can
be discarded and an old-fashioned under-heater vat, with a hot
water tank attached, made to do service. I know of dozens of small
factories throughout Central New York who get along admirably with
such apparatus. In the matter of press and hoops you can do better
without the gang press than you can without the patent hoops.
Remember that it is no economy to go back to the primitive hoop that
makes necessary the hand bandaging of every cheese. If obliged to go
without the gang press, get hoops that can be bandaged before the
curd is put in them, so that two cheese can be pressed under one
screw in an old-fashioned press. In such a case wooden followers
would be required. One pair of scales can be got along with at a
pinch, although two pairs would save a great deal of transferring
and extra work. Do not get along with one curd knife—you need both
the horizontal and the perpendicular, in order to cut the raw curd
evenly and economically. A crane can take the place of a large wheel
for hoisting milk if you consider it more convenient. Keep rennet
in nothing but stone jars or vessels and keep at least ten gallons
always prepared ahead. Jugs are often used for annottoine, although
an open jar admits of easy dipping and accurate measurement. Have
your tinner make you a long, narrow gill cup, to which should be
soldered an upright six-inch handle with a shepherd’s crook in the
end. Use the cup for measuring out the coloring; the long handle,
which can be hung by the crook on the inside of the jar, precludes
soiling the hands, clothing and floor with the scarlet dye. A curd
mill of some sort is positively necessary in order to facilitate
good, even stock; do not leave one out of the list of apparati under
any consideration. I prefer a self-salting mill, not only on account
of the ease with which curd can be ground but also for its superior
mechanism in thoroughly mixing the salt into the curd as fast as it
is torn by the teeth. In grinding curd with a common machine, the
torn shreds quickly re-amalgamate into an almost solid mass that
often requires harsh manipulation to separate. Then, again, the salt
being sprinkled by hand over the outer surface of the freshly-torn
curd sears and burns it before it can be worked into the mass. With a
self-salter, the saline condiment is equally distributed through all
parts at the proper limit of acid formation, thus preventing the curd
from packing solidly and making the quality even and fine.




MANUFACTURE OF CHEESE.


COAGULATION OF MILK.

If the milk you have in your vat is mature, or, in other words,
slightly tending toward sour, heat it as rapidly as possible when
preparing for the application of rennet. In the cool extremes of the
season heat milk to 86° Fahrenheit and in warm weather to 85° before
rennet is applied. If the milk is all right as to sweetness, as the
bulk of milk is, heat it up to the desired point gradually, stirring
it gently at frequent intervals with a long-handled dipper. You stir
for the purpose of keeping down the cream and evenly distributing the
warmth that is permeating the lacteal mass. You stir it with great
gentleness and care because milk globules are eggs in miniature, and,
like their large relatives of biped production, they must be handled
with care. If you wish to heat to 85° and have an under-heater vat
or fire flue beneath the milk, withdraw the fire before it has quite
reached that point, as the after warmth will carry it up a degree
or two. Be perfectly precise in all such little points, for on them
hinge big results.

With milk in normal condition as to maturity, standing at a
temperature of 85° in both ends of the vat, and with no cream visible
on the surface, you are ready to take another step in the course
of manufacture. If colored cheese are desired, now apply annottoine
sufficient to give a rich, golden hue. Know exactly by experiment
its strength as a dye, always know the quantity of milk to a pound
and portion out accordingly. Work the coloring into the fluid with
the same gentleness with which you have heretofore manipulated it
while raising the temperature. When the milk is all of one even,
yellow tinge, attesting that the annotto is represented equally in
every part, it is ready for the real inceptor of cheese, rennet.
The tendency of modern cheese making is toward quick coagulation
of milk. The larger infusion of rennet necessary for this purpose
begets cheese that can be quickly cured for a market where they are
expected to be soon consumed. The old rule of coagulation in twenty
minutes is now nearly obsolete, although it will always hold good for
cheese of long keeping qualities. Fall made cheese that are expected
to be consumed during the winter months should be strengthened for
age by coagulation in from fifteen to eighteen minutes. When we are
dealing with the average spring and summer make, trade demands more
perishable stock and we must cater to it. If you do not know the
strength of your rennet and you want the milk to thicken in eight or
nine minutes, as it should do, previously test the lactic juice by
putting a teaspoonful into a tumbler of milk kept warm at 85°. If
the glass of fluid thickens in five minutes, you need one quart of
such rennet juice for every 800 pounds of milk to effect coagulation,
as stated above. If the tested quantity thickens in less or longer
time, a proportionate less or greater amount is required for your
purpose. Measure the rennet extract with exactness, so that there
will be no miss in its proper adjustment to the milk, and then
incorporate it into the vat of lacteal fluid. In infusing it into the
milk structure, manipulate your dipper with the same caution that has
characterized your former attitude toward the fragilely constructed
fluid under your hand. After stirring for five minutes, withdraw the
dipper and let the surface of the milk come to a calm. Then pass
the bottom of the empty dipper lightly over the vat to drive back
any particles of cream that may be struggling to the surface. The
milk will soon begin to roll up in the wake of the tin utensil in
your hand in a rapidly thickening wave. Immediately withdraw the
dipper, for the rennet has accomplished its mission. Turning to your
vat cover, stretch it tightly over the fermenting milk. The cover
mentioned should consist of a strip of canvas cloth or sheeting
running the entire length of the vat and lapping slightly over its
width. The cloth should be tacked to lath or other light wooden
strips the width of the vat, and these supports should be about
two feet apart. When not in use, the cover can be rolled up like
a section of carpeting and is not at all awkward to handle. Place
the cover in a closed form on one end of the vat, and, unrolling it
as fast as you walk, you can stretch it to the other end in half a
minute, thus keeping your milk snug and close. I prefer to use such
a cover every day during the season, and they are indispensable in
spring and fall. Without some such device the crust of the rapidly
forming curd is chilled, retarding the action of the rennet, and
the temperature of the whole mass is perceptibly lowered, which is
not only undesirable but positively detrimental to the natural and
perfect formation of cheese.

In the course of twenty or thirty minutes after coagulation examine
your crude cheese material and see if it is ready to cut up. Thrust
the forefinger into the mass, and if the curd will split cleanly in
front of it, it is ready for the knives. Milk should stand about
forty-five minutes after the infusion of rennet before it is cut, but
if the milk is very mature in quality rennet will act on the caseine
more spontaneously. It may be firm enough to cut before that time;
if, in such a case, the same amount of rennet had previously acted
slowly on a proportionate quantity of milk, you can at once consider
the quick action as a fair warning from nature that you must scald
your curd in haste to keep ahead of the swiftly multiplying acid
germs. As previously stated, as soon as the curd mass will cleave
brittlely over the finger prepare your knives. First pick up the
one with horizontal blade and hold it a second in hot water. This
will warm the steel so that it will not chill the curd. Cut the mass
lengthwise, turning corners deftly without lifting the instrument
once until you are through. Then lay this knife aside for its work
is done. Insert the perpendicular knife also in hot water and with
it cut the curd first crosswise, then lengthwise, then crosswise
again, being sure to lap over the course of each cut. The curd is
now in small cubes that are fast discharging whey from their severed
cellular system. They gravitate toward the bottom of the vat. If the
curd has been cleft by the blades, gently and with great care, the
rising whey has a clear, greenish cast, attesting that it is freed
from most of the albuminous substances of the milk and will render a
good ratio to the patrons.


SCALDING.

If the milk was mature, or too much rennet was incorporated with
perfectly sweet milk, the whey will separate from the solids very
rapidly. In either case it wants an immediate application of heat
after cutting. Curd from fairly good milk, with a proper infusion of
rennet, should stand for a few moments after cutting before heat is
turned on. Never apply heat under any circumstances until the raw
curd has all disappeared beneath the whey’s surface. As soon as the
heat has warmed the bottom of the vat, bare your arms and with the
hands gently lift the new cut mass to the surface. In this lifting
give it a rolling motion, so that the cubes will all fall apart and
exchange positions with one another.

Two dangers now arise and you must be prepared to steer straight
between them. First, as the heat comes surging up from beneath
against the tin bottom of the vat it makes it very hot below and cool
on top. If the raw curd settles but a moment against the hot bottom
it is liable to be blistered and seared over, to the subsequent
detriment of the whole mass. Of course, it needs a slow application
of heat on the start and almost constant agitation, and here comes
danger number two. If you do not stir your curd sufficiently in
heating, the quality of your goods is at stake, and if you do not
stir judiciously, or stir too often and too harshly, your milk ratio
is in jeopardy. By exercising good judgment, care and caution you can
avoid the two extremes and make each danger your willing servant. If
your milk on the start is sweet and pure, allow the heat to go up
slowly until it touches the desired point. If, on the other hand,
it is ripe, old or sour, push the heat with all vigor and scald as
quickly as possible. With milk all right, about three-fourths of
an hour’s time should be consumed in bringing up the heat to the
scalding limit, but if otherwise get it there in fifteen minutes or
half an hour, according to the exigency of the case.

But, to return to the subject of scalding a vat of curd in normal
condition. On the start, using your hands as described, manipulate
it with such care that the tender cubes are not bruised and yet
are kept separate enough so that they will not form into a compact
mass on the warm bottom. All this time the whey is percolating from
the blocks and they are shrinking in size and becoming of tougher
texture. As soon as the curd begins to assume a slightly elastic
consistency begin operations with a rake. If you have an idea that
curd wants to be stirred all of the time through the scalding period,
at once disabuse your mind of it. Such a notion is antediluvian in
its conception and disastrous in its results, but, strange to say,
it is the predominating feature of the know-it-all young maker’s
knowledge. Novices at the business are sure to stir too often and too
violently. This knocks off the yield and also injures the quality of
the cheese. For myself, above all patent devices in the shape of wire
rakes for agitating curd, I prefer a simple wooden hand hay rake. Get
one made of wood throughout and saw off the handle, leaving the stub
about four feet long; this will insure convenient handling. When the
moment arrives in the early cooking departure to use the rake, take
the utensil described and, inserting it teeth up in the whey and curd
midway of the vat at one end, push it gently from you to within two
inches of the farther edge, letting the back of the rake head slide
on the bottom of the vat. Be sure and do not let the teeth and head
of the agitator hit the side of the vat, as curd is pushed before it
which does not want the substance and nutriment crushed out of it
that way. As the rake approaches the side of the vat give it an easy,
undulating, upward swing, ending by a draw of the rake toward you.
This will cause the curd that you have been pushing from you along
the bottom of the vat to boil up with the whey in the wake of the
retreating rake. If the motion has been gone through with easily and
carefully, you will at once see that the curd within the rake’s sweep
has been thoroughly agitated without bruising. After the manoeuvre
described, do not change position but drawing the rake toward you,
with its head scraping the bottom of the vat, produce a gentle
ebullition of curd and whey in the same way as that just manifested.
Step along, repeating the pushing and drawing of the rake until the
farther end of the vat is reached. Then, push the curd with the rake
up on one side and down on the other of the vat, changing ends, as
it were, with the cooking cheese. Once over a vat in this way, if
accomplished properly, thoroughly separates the curd particles and
evens up the heat through the whole mass. Now, let the rake rest
but have the heat go on for a few moments. When the curd begins to
pack slightly (perhaps in five minutes, more or less, according to
the previous maturity of the milk), again stir it up in the manner
described and again let it rest, repeating the periods of agitation
until it is scalded up to the desired temperature. In regard to
the right temperature at which to scald cheese we cannot hope to
give on paper much more than superficial information. Every phase
of cheese making, to be thoroughly understood, requires practical
experience, but hints and pointers on paper are often just what are
needed to help puzzled ones out of awkward dilemmas encountered in
the business. Hence, we shall, in the most clear and logical manner
possible, give the reader our views, derived from experience, on
scalding temperature.


RIGHT TEMPERATURE.

In the spring of the year, hay produced milk is comparatively poor
and thin. When it reaches the manufacturer’s hands it is generally
as sweet as a rose in regard to acid, although not always so in
regard to stable tang. When it has been transformed into curd
it must be scalded high enough to cook it, whether that takes a
temperature of 98°, 100° or 110° Fahrenheit. Don’t think, as some
do, that the curd is cooked when it has reached the temperature
you are using—generally it is not more than half cooked then. We
will say you began making cheese on the first day of April. You are
not an expert at the business and, being anxious to make a good
beginning, feel a trifle nervous over the situation. Keep cool and
bring the temperature of the curd up to 100°. On reaching this heat
immediately cover up the vat with the carpet-like canopy previously
described. Be sure and give it a thorough rake stirring the last
thing on reaching the scalding point. If the make-room is reasonably
warm the canvas roof will keep the whey at a mercurial heat of 100°
for a long while. After a few minutes examine the curd and see how
it is progressing. Stir it up occasionally—once in fifteen minutes
or so is sufficient—and after it has stood an hour and a half at
100°, if it does not squeak sharply between the teeth when chewed or
immediately fall apart when squeezed dry of whey in a double-handful,
you may be assured that 100° was too low a temperature at which to
cook it. The object is to cook at the lowest temperature which will
do the business within a reasonable time. The higher the temperature
used, the quicker it will be cooked, but it will require more milk to
make a pound of cheese. A good yield and a good quality must both be
gotten out of the milk—these are fine points in cheese making. The
curd we have spoken of has stood in the whey at 100° degrees for one
hour and a half and is yet insufficiently cooked. An hour longer at
the same temperature would probably cook it to the right degree, but
there are objections to letting curd stand in the whey so long—it
gets whey soaked and begins to disintegrate slightly, even when no
acid is perceptible. So, after a ninety minute test, (or, better yet,
before), raise the temperature two, four, six or ten degrees, as your
judgment warrants, and bring it to a firm consistency as quickly as
possible.

We are now supposed to be working spring or fall milk that is
obstinately sweet and very hard to cook. In summer or warm weather,
milk is, of course, mature; this aids and hastens the cooking process
while sweetness retards it. In cool weather and with good milk,
having found that a minimum of 100° will not cook the curd after
standing at that temperature an hour and a half, fix your standard
higher and bring it within the rule prescribed. Be sure that your
curd is thoroughly cooked. Thousands of boxes of weak, half raw
cheese are thrown on the market every spring that are deficient in
quality through a lack of heat in the vat. The most convenient and
sure test of which I am aware, to tell that the curd is “done,” so
to speak, is to grasp a large double-handful and compress it dry of
whey; if it quickly, after pressure is withdrawn, falls easily apart
on the palm of the outstretched hand, you may be sure that your curd
is thoroughly cooked in every way.

Now we come to acid.


ACID.

Acid microbes are inherent in the lacteal structure and come dormant
in the milk from the udder. As soon as they feel the atmosphere
they spring into spontaneous activity, however retarded by cold or
fostered by heat. Acid in milk is a species of yeast fermentation and
is the first step toward decomposition. It is the best servant the
cheese maker has and is also his worst enemy when the relation is
changed to that of master. In a temperate climate, in hay produced
milk, in the spring of the year, acid is nearly dormant and there
is but little use for it. Hay cheese are expected to be thrown on
the market in cool weather when they will be quickly consumed;
therefore, the additional firmness given by acid is not required
to be applied as a safeguard against heat. If early hay cheese are
cooked enough and salted about two pounds to the thousand, it is all
that is desirable. On the border between hay and grass the weather
is gradually moderating and there is torrid temperature in sight in
the immediate future. Acid now begins to appear in the whey and curd
you are working by the time you have it scalded. It has a right to
be there for it is your friend and you now need its timely proffered
assistance. If, through unusually good quality of milk, it does not
come to the front, coax it a little in the following way: After the
curd is cooked and before whey is drawn, turn on steam and re-warm
the whole mass, then draw the whey and pack the curd in bulk as much
as possible, covering it up with a cloth. This will soon set the acid
to working in good shape. Always rely on the hot iron test to locate
acid. It takes an expert to get the amount of acid even from mess
to mess by an olfactory measurement. On March and the first half of
April stock I do not care for any acid to show, but on later April
and beginning of May goods acid should show on the hot iron clearly
and perceptibly. When the curd is pressed to the metal, fine strings
should just start from it immediately prior to salting. At this time
you want just a little acid but not too much—too much will surely
spoil spring made cheese.

The question arises, “How far must a cheese maker probe into the
hidden mysteries that shroud the digestive assimilation of the
product he manufactures?” We answer that he cannot probe too deeply
or extend his researches too far into the minute. There are too many
makers now with only a superficial knowledge of their craft, and
before there can be any perceptible elevation of quality in American
cheese the shoes of these novices must be filled by such men as we
now term “experts.” Take, for example, the subject of acid which
we are here discussing. A maker who can perceive it only as it is
revealed by stringing on the iron is not competent to be in charge
of a factory, for anybody could detect it there. The development of
lactic acid is a species of fermentation induced by the spontaneous
increase of inherent minute bacteria. It takes the same experience
to perceive and govern it in milk and cheese as it does practice
with square and compass to become a carpenter. We cannot _tell_ you
all about it—it will take many days of careful observation and fine
testing to understand its nature enough to make it your servant
in the cheese making art. That is why makers without practical
experience are always incompetent. Hold curd in the whey until it
shows at least a quarter of an inch of acid by the hot iron and then
draw off whey as quickly as possible. It is always a good plan where
you have large vats and they are pretty well filled to have a third
of the whey drawn off before acid develops, for then you can more
quickly lay bare your curd. As the whey recedes, push the curd with
the rake head toward the upper end of the vat and then tip the vat
down, so that the whey will flow out from the lowest corner. Make
a gutter with your hands through the center of the curd mass and
distribute it in an even pack on each side of the vat. Now, take a
knife and cut it into strips eight inches wide, drawing the knife
from the center gutter toward the side of the vat. Flop these strips
upside down and, to farther facilitate drainage, cut a longitudinal
canal next to the sides of the vat. Examine by the iron and see how
the curd is working as to acid; if it is maturing slowly and the curd
is not hot, shut off all draughts of air, cut the curd into “bricks”
or blocks the size of a brick, and scatter them over the bottom of
the vat. Then cover the vat up with the same cloth that you used
when scalding. If, on the other hand, the curd is hot and maturing
rapidly, cut into small bricks, scatter well and give it all the
air possible, frequently turning the bricks over. Unless positively
unavoidable on account of overplus of acid never grind curd until
you have cooled it down to a temperature of 80°. Above that heat the
fine texture of the curd is torn and mutilated so that it will give
out white whey, and, as a consequence, waste of quality and substance
ensues.

The curd being first well drained and cooled to 80° by subdivision
of pieces and having also developed acid sufficient for the season,
it is ready for the mill. Grind with deliberation, and if you have a
self-salter, so much the better. Incorporate the salt into the curd
by thorough, although not violent, mixing and then air your curd.
This is one of the most important processes of all and yet the one
most neglected by negligent makers. A curd requires airing, not so
much to expel heat as to expunge the gaseous odors that have followed
it down from its animal origin. Stir it well at frequent intervals
and spread it out well over the surface of the vat. So calculate that
it can lay twenty minutes or half an hour before it has sunk to the
temperature of 70°, when it is just right for the hoops. Allowing it
to lay this length of time gives the salt an opportunity to strike
into the pores and impregnate the product with its saline properties
before being put under pressure.


HOOPING CURD.

On placing curd in the hoop measure it all in a pail and then you
will get the cheese of nearly an exact weight. When spreading on the
cap cloth wring it out of warm water, that last thing stirring up the
surface curd from below, so that there will be warmth to form a good
rind. Apply the pressure slowly at first, and as soon as the whey
starts from the hoops with a “gush,” desist and let them rest for a
few moments. The reason for this is to retain the salt and not expel
it with the whey by an injudicious display of strength. You have,
perhaps, considered two pounds or two and a half of salt per 1,000
pounds of milk just right for the curd and the season of the year,
and it would be most unwise and foolish to let it dribble away to the
detriment of the product. As soon as the whey ceases to start freely
come down snugly on them with the lever and then turn your attention
to washing up the vat and utensils.


CLEANING TIN UTENSILS.

This part of a maker’s duties has an important bearing on cheese
manufacture, for if he is a sloven it does but little good for
patrons to strive to furnish him with pure, sweet milk. Wash the vat
and utensils through two waters and scald with that which is boiling.
The vat and all utensils should be scoured at least once a week with
salt, to prevent the propagation of a yellow and white fungus growth
that is a persistent parasite of factories. Milk strainers should
be hung out where the bright sunshine can reach them, and all the
windows and outside doors to the make-room should be opened, to drive
out the dampness that has accumulated during the forepart of the day.


PULLING UP THE BANDAGE CLOTH.

In from fifteen to twenty minutes after hooping curd turn your
attention to them again. If the old style hoops are used you will
be obliged to bandage them by hand; if not, to pull up the bandage
cloth. As the former way is nearly obsolete, we will simply discuss
the _modus operandi_ of the latter.

Set a pailful of clean warm water near you, and as you remove the cap
cloths rinse them vigorously in this, to wash out all sour whey. Pull
the margin of the bandage up and turn it neatly over the edge of the
cheese; then, wringing the cap slightly, to remove only the surplus
water, spread it over the surface, smoothing out all wrinkles. Apply,
now, all the power that you have, that is, reasonable power. You do
not want to press so hard that the butter will be crushed out of the
cheese structure, but you want to press so as to expel all whey and
permanently solidify the cheese. I examined 1888 made cheese this
spring that were of fine quality but insufficiently pressed. The
seams and cracks were mouldy and damp with whey, which damaged an
otherwise fancy product 50 per cent.


CLEANING UP.

Cleaning up is the last duty of the cheese maker for the day. I use
hot water freely on any portion of the floor with which whey has
come in contact, and especially should it be used about the spouts
and drains, for it is here that filth lurks and easily conceals
itself. Boiling water will search it out and eradicate it; dash it on
copiously all around. Sal-soda and potash are helpful aids to keep
the make-room sweet, and a liberal supply should be counted among the
necessities of every factory.




THE CURING ROOM.


It is just as easy to have a model curing room as one that is
defective in structure. A cheese may be turned out of the hoop
the acme of perfection in every detail of manufacture, and yet
subsequently be damaged partly or wholly ruined by inhabiting a
faulty curing apartment. The curing room should not be in a loft,
or above the make-room. It should be on the ground floor, and for
convenience it should open direct from the make-room, the door being
easy of access to the press. The partition between the two rooms
must be impervious to the steam arising from the cheese vats, as the
animal vapor is detrimental to the maturing product on the shelves.
The room should by all means be plastered, and have windows that can
be lowered from the top when necessary for proper ventilation. In
these times when cheese are frequently shipped when only ten days
from the hoop, a large curing room is not necessary even for a large
factory. The smaller you can have it without crowding, the better.
If you want a room that will hold 300 cheese, lay shelves 2½ feet
above the floor that will accommodate 100, put in stout uprights 7½
feet high, and on cross pieces above lay two more tiers of shelves of
the same surface capacity as the bottom counter. When it is finished
you have three tiers of shelves encircling the room, save for two
doors, with space left in the center for a box stove. The object of
arranging shelves one above another is not so much to utilize space
as it is to scientifically cure the product. It, however, answers
for both purposes. In a room, temperature rises with height, and the
atmosphere is, of course, several degrees warmer near the ceiling
than in the region of the floor. Hang a reliable thermometer on a
range with the second tier of shelves, in a portion of the room where
it will not be affected by direct heat from the stove. In this
position the mercury should range from 65° to 70° Fahrenheit, the
temperature on the top shelf at the same time rising to the vicinity
of 75° Fahrenheit. We will be supposed to carry a day’s make of
cheese into such a room when it is empty. Place them all on the top
shelf in regular order, two deep. Continue to add from day to day
until the top shelf is completely filled all around. Then begin at
the end where you first started, and take down the first day’s make
and place on the second shelf, arranging those fresh from the hoop
in their place. Continue this process all around until the second
tier is filled. Your next move will necessitate two removals, leaving
the oldest on the bottom tier and the greenest on top. As soon as a
cheese leaves the hoop a certain warmth of atmosphere is necessary to
assist the process of fermentation that should at once begin. If this
warmth is lacking green cheese will sour on the shelves before they
can cure. Therefore, always place them in the most favorable position
for assistance in the direction of maturity that you have at command.




CARE OF CHEESE.


Take cheese from the hoops after they have been under pressure about
eighteen hours. If they have been properly made and thoroughly
cooked, and the cap cloths are sweet and clean, the latter will peel
from the ends without making an abrasion of the rind. Allow them
to stand an hour or so on the shelves before greasing; the surface
moisture will then have evaporated, and the rinds will deepen to a
golden color and become crisp and slightly rough under the touch.
Heat whey butter as hot as you can bear your hand in it, and, using
a large piece of bandage cloth (no other cloth is as good), dip it
in the hot grease and apply by a thorough rubbing-in to the cheese
surface. The butter being hot will strike in and lend toughness and
elasticity to the rind. Date the cheese after they have been on the
shelves a day. The bandage cloth will then have become dry, and the
dates can be made to show clear and distinct. Turn cheese over every
day and rub them thoroughly with a sponge of bandage cloth, well
oiled. Dealers, retailers and consumers insist on a good, perfect
rind, and, as makers, we must give it to them. Appearance sometimes
goes farther than quality, but we want both, and want them united.
Sometimes cheese will mould on the sides during damp, muggy weather
in summer. It will not do to drive out the dampness with fire, so
establish a free circulation of air through the room and the mould
will cease to accumulate. In a curing room it is easier to keep
temperature where you want it during cool than in hot weather. If the
mercury gets to running up above 75° Fahrenheit, sprinkle the floor
vigorously with cold water, take out the window sashes, and on the
south side keep the blinds closed, or a shade down. Good cheese can
endure a temperature of 80° for a while without deteriorating, but
such a heat is not desirable; keep it below that if possible during
a hot wave. The shelves on which the cheese rest should be of sound
lumber, smoothly planed basswood or pine, and each board a little
wider than the diameter of the cheese. Care should be taken to have
the bandages the exact circumference of the inside of the hoop. If
the band is contracted, the cloth will split open under pressure and
expose the cheese to the attack of skipper flies; if too large, the
cheese will expand on the shelf and make it difficult to be jammed
into a box for shipment. The reason the curing room should not be
over the make apartment, or in a loft, is that in the former the
vapor and odors generated below are not desirable curing factors, and
in both cases excessive heat is unavoidable, due to the elevation and
the direct rays of the sun on the roof. When cheese get so warmed
up that the butter starts, the flavor is deteriorating also. While
curing, cheese need ventilation, draughts of air should be avoided,
as thereby the surfaces are dried up and checked. Too much light is
not desirable in a curing room; shades should be used at the windows
to regulate this. It is now customary to ship cheese as soon as they
cease to be curdy, which occurs in from ten to fifteen days from the
hoop.




EXPERIENCED HELP.

One great set-back to good cheese making is inexperienced and
careless labor. This is another cog in the wheel that has been
retrograding the reputation of our goods during the last few years.
A medical student cannot obtain a diploma authorizing him to take
under his charge the welfare of the sick without three years’ study
aided by ocular demonstrations of his especial science. Then, he
is expected not to have a dim idea of a patient’s condition when
diagnosing his case, but to know and understand all about it. No
cheese maker is fit for duty unless he can diagnose the condition
of a vat of milk on a quick examination. The natural odor of pure
milk has a peculiar animal smell, whose nature can be acquired by
careful olfactory tests indulged in as the student draws the fluid
from the cow’s teats. After an apprentice at the business can tell
pure, sweet, untainted milk in any spot or place, he must learn to
distinguish between that which is tainted and that which is verging
on the sour. Tainted milk is radically different from sour milk,
and infused in the product they each tend toward utterly diverse
results. To pass a correct judgment on milk quality is thus essential
No. 1 in a maker’s practical knowledge. Requirement No. 2, is to
have a thorough understanding of the constituents and influence of
all of the foreign ingredients that go into cheese. Rennet, the
most potent auxiliary of the cheese maker’s craft, should never be
handled or applied by ignorant hands. The amateur maker should gain a
physiological insight into the lactic portion of animal anatomy, and
have an intelligent comprehension of the active force of the peptic
secretion. When such knowledge is acquired he will see the importance
of never countenancing any coagulating fluid that is not immaculately
pure in extraction and free from any subsequent taint. He will also
understand its nature enough to always make a judicious application
of it to the milk designed for manufacture. Here the necessity of
step No. 1 joining hands with No. 2 is apparent, for he cannot make
a judicious application unless his olfactory sense is trained to
perceive and gauge every variation of the milk quality. Necessity No.
3, is in following the quality variation of milk into the cooking and
maturing curd. It is a well-known fact with cheese makers that no two
vats of curd will scarcely ever work exactly alike in succession. If
one is to know absolutely just what to do and what to leave undone at
certain moments of assimilation and maturity in curd, he must have
gained that knowledge not from books but from continued practical
experience. Here the necessity for previous learning arises. No
pettifogger would be expected to argue legal points before the
Supreme Court, because lack of advancement in the rudiments of his
profession would make him as unfit for such a pleader as a farmer
or merchant. Every man to his business, and no man to be trusted
in any trade capacity until he has proved himself competent. So,
if an amateur lawyer or doctor is not to be trusted, why should
responsibility be placed on the shoulders of a green hand at cheese
making? He is expected to properly prepare an important article of
human food, and, inexperienced and ignorant of the rudiments of the
trade, he stumbles along in the dark, doing, perhaps, the best that
he can, and not so much to blame for the failures that accrue as are
his employers.

Wide dispersion of training schools for both butter and cheese makers
is not far off, and I, for one, hail that day with delight.




WHERE OUR CHEESE GOES TO.


After contemplating the immensity of our annual cheese output, the
question naturally arises, “Where does it all go to?” The earliest
shipments of American cheese were made from New York to England in
1835 and 1836. The beginning was very limited; shipments of cheese
were made in casks; $60,000 would probably comprise the value of all
shipments made in those years. As England still remains our principal
foreign customer, we will come down to the year 1882 and give the
official figures of the port of New York of the annual receipts and
exports. We do not mean to intimate that England takes _all_ of our
exports, but she absorbs the major portion of them.

                                  Year.    Receipts.    Exports.
  Receipts of Cheese in New York, 1882,    2,350,559    1,898,192
     ”          ”         ”       1883,    2,456,232    1,957,967
     ”          ”         ”       1884,    2,407,550    1,932,702
     ”          ”         ”       1885,    2,122,187    1,658,696
     ”          ”         ”       1886,    1,943,260    1,575,262
     ”          ”         ”       1887,    1,994,857    1,450,955
     ”          ”         ”       1888,    1,993,462

The 1888 export is not recorded yet. It is hard to get at the home
trade quantity used throughout the country. There are many cheese
distributed from factories to neighboring towns in Ohio, Wisconsin,
Michigan and other states of which no account is kept, and there are
no statistics covering the entire make, but at a guess we should
say it was about 4,000,000 boxes annually. The cause of decline in
receipts at the port of New York since 1882, is largely due to the
fact that a good many cheese made in the northern part of this State
(N. Y.) are bought by Canadians and shipped _via_ Montreal. It is
said that Englishmen eat twelve pounds of cheese _per capita_ a year,
while Americans eat three pounds. Cheese consumption is, however,
on the increase here, as the healthy and nutritive qualities of
the product are more and more appreciated. One of the most serious
drawbacks to universal cheese consumption is the large profits
exacted by middlemen when they dispense it to the public. If cheese
could be had at the grocery for 9 or 10 cents per pound instead of
14 or 15 cents, it would be found in abundance on the poor man’s
table, and a heavy decrease in the export trade would result. We
believe that such a time is coming, and with it will come a vast
improvement in the average quality of the national make. This is not
a mere speculation, but a distinctive pointer of the times, and its
verification is already at hand. Thirty-five years ago the innovation
of the cheddar process gave cheese quality its first great advance.
That advance remains yet to be perfected in detail, and then a cheese
millennium will reign.




MOISTURE IN CHEESE.


One of the most essential points in determining the quality of a
cheese is the amount of moisture it contains. A proper retention of
moisture by the product in a cured state depends primarily on the
rennet that separated it from the watery serum of milk, and secondly
on the amount of heat applied in cooking, and the quantity of salt
afterwards added. To adjust all these little niceties to a minimum
of fine, even quality of which moisture is an adjunct, requires
experience and long familiarity with the handling and treatment of
milk. Butter, moisture and caseine should exist in about equal parts
to make a mellow cheese, and, to fix the proportion rightly, enough
rennet should be incorporated into the milk to expel all excess of
moisture, and yet leave enough to withstand the effect of a heat
judiciously gauged to cook it. Thus, rennet influences moisture on
the start, and other forces afterward are introduced that either aid
or retard it. When rennet diffuses itself through milk its power and
potency are largely measured by the temperature of the fluid body
surrounding it. As cheese making is merely an imitation of nature’s
workings in curdling milk in a calf’s stomach, the nearer we can
follow that process on the start, the closer to perfection we get.
Long experience has demonstrated that a temperature between 80° and
85° Fahrenheit is the best degree of warmth for milk to have attained
when it receives the peptic fluid. A temperature above that expels
the butter globules into the whey, and below, the active principle
of rennet is not brought out and tardily and incompletely coagulates
the mild solids. By afterward applying the lowest degree of heat that
will cook it within a reasonable time to a consistency of contraction
and expansion, the moisture still remains in proper proportion. A few
degrees of excess heat will produce a dry, hard curd, and a future
dry, hard cheese. Judgment, discretion, and experience are necessary
in applying salt to retain moisture. Salt itself is, of course, a
moisture retainer, but a too heavy application hardens and stiffens
the cheese structure and retards the curing of the product. Never
salt more than enough to give and retain flavor and preserve quality.
If the points we have given above have all been observed, then the
proper proportion of moisture in cheese will be assured.

Prominent English cheese judges have passed verdicts on fine
cheese in the following words: “We want cheese rich, solid, fine
flavored, true colored, that is, of an even color throughout, sound,
handsome, that will go on to improve for twelve months or longer if
desired.” “A good cheese is close and firm in texture, yet mellow;
in character or quality it is rich with a tendency to melt in the
mouth; the flavor full and fine, apparently that of a hazel-nut.”
“The characteristics of a good cheese are mellow and rich in taste
and flavor, and firm and full in texture, solid but not tough.”
“A good cheese is rich without being greasy, with a sweet, nutty
flavor, clear and equal color throughout, and of a compact, solid
texture, without being waxy; firm, and yet melts easily in the mouth,
leaving no rough or ill-flavor on the palate.” The English conception
of peerless cheese is ours, too, and we must continue to grind away
on the road of improvement until we bring the united product to the
standard of unimpeachable quality and uniformity.




RULE FOR MAKING OUT DIVIDENDS.


Many makers are now expected to figure out the milk dividends for
the patrons, and issue fortnightly statements. A quick, easy rule
to follow in doing this business, is to first foot up each patron’s
milk for the number of days’ delivery in one or two sales, as the
case may be, draw a line across the page of the factory account
book opposite the date sold up to, and, as you add each man’s milk,
set the amount down opposite his name on the tally slate. After you
have summed it all up, go over it again, adding from the top of the
columns downward. This will correct any mistakes you may have made.
Next, add the separate sums of milk together into one grand total
and, using this united sum for a dividend, take the number of pounds
of cheese in the sale or sales for a divisor, and the quotient will
be the ratio or the number of pounds of milk it has taken to make a
pound of cheese. Then, multiply the number of pounds of cheese by the
price per 100 pounds you get for making, and deduct the product from
the full cash amount that the cheese has brought. The residue money
divide up proportionately among the patrons as follows: Using the
grand total of milk for a divisor, see how many times it is contained
in the money, minus cost of making. The quotient will be the net
price of one hundred pounds of milk. Multiply each patron’s separate
amount of milk by this price per hundred pounds, and the product
will be the net monied income on that sale or sales for the patron.
In getting the price of a pound of milk it is seldom necessary to
carry decimally beyond mills. In a measure, the work all proves
itself, for, if, by adding together the face value of each patron’s
check, the amount does not agree with the cheese returns, less
making, your figuring will need a review.

It is customary now to send out with each check a statement
demonstrating and setting forth just how the factory business is
running. Thus, each patron becomes a critic of the secretary. I
append a statement properly filled out:


SALE STATEMENT.

  _Plainfield, N. Y., June 20, 1889._

E. W. WRIGHT’S CHEESE FACTORY.

IN ACCOUNT WITH

MR. JOHN WILLIAMS.

  Sold from May 14th to 29th.
  ===================================================
  No. Boxes,                                     168
  Total Milk,                                 69,779
  Total Cheese,                                7,026
  Price per pound, 3,434 @ 8¼-c. 3,592 @ 8⅛-c.
  Ratio,                                        9.93
  Net price per 100 pounds Milk,                71.3
  Your Milk,                                   8,336
  Amount less making,                         $59.43




THE WHEY VAT.


The whey vat may be regarded as a necessary evil, but with
means at hand to relieve ourselves of some of its putrefactive
characteristics. We trust that the day for having this swill tub
harnessed to the factory will soon be an item of the shady past.
Whey is all right in its place, but its place, as soon as it is
drained from the curd, is a long distance from the factory building.
I would place the whey vat ten rods away from the factory, and if
night delivery of milk was the rule, I would move it _twenty_ rods
off. Get it at least beyond contaminating distance, and then have
the whey carried to it in open tin troughs. If the troughs are
thoroughly painted you need not fear rust, and as they are of metal
they cannot dry up, warp and leak. Have the spouts about the factory
perfectly tight so that no whey can fall to the ground, for it is
fearful stuff to generate offensive effluvia. Try and keep the whey
receptacle as neat and clean as possible. Have it roofed, but open
on the sides. Skim the cream from it every morning, and it would be
much better if you would churn it fresh instead of keeping it for
weeks to be rendered out in a kettle by fire. Scrub the vat out every
day with a broom; it will take five minutes’ time and a pailful of
hot water. Make it a rule for each patron to draw away no more than
three pails of whey for every hundred pounds of milk delivered. Also,
make it a rule to yard nobody’s pigs or calves about the premises for
convenient whey slopping. Insist on it that if your patrons insist on
drawing sour whey home in their milk cans they put on extra “elbow
grease” afterward in cleansing them. A cheese maker hardly likes to
make the imputation to patrons that their wives are not neat (only,
perhaps, when they are in a great hurry) about scalding out the sour
whey from milk cans, and yet such insinuations on his part are often
necessary.




WHYS AND WHEREFORES.


Curd is first cut with the horizontal knife, to facilitate easy
expulsion of the whey.

Cheese is a good edible, because, besides being highly nutritive,
the rennet or gastric juice it contains aids digestion and the
assimilation of other foods.

Whey should never be fed to cows, because, having once been secreted
in their mammillary glands in the form of milk, it has now taken on
the nature of an excrement; consequently, a re-secretion would be
highly prejudicial to the quality and healthfulness of the product.

It was formerly supposed that febrine was exclusively a constituent
of animal blood; but now the theory that slight traces of it in milk
induce rennet coagulation is generally accepted as authentic.

If a cheese is misshapen, by uneven pressing or otherwise, when taken
from the hoop, put it back and press it over again. Remember that
appearance goes a long way with dealers. Do not tolerate any cheese
in the room that are deformed.

Cheese makers should insist that patrons with large messes of milk
set their night’s yield in two cans, thoroughly air the fluid, by
stirring or dipping immediately subsequent to milking, and then dump
both portions together in the morning, so as not to mix night’s and
morning’s milk until it is mixed in common in the cheese vat. If
this rule is insisted upon and faithfully observed, a great deal of
damaged milk will be avoided.

A quack doctor should as soon be granted a diploma to practice, as an
ignorant apprentice at cheese making be given the responsibility of
the manufacture of a vat of milk. The health of the community is in
great danger from both frauds.

Cheese that are surface mottled, spread the bandage and show a soft,
weak rind, have been insufficiently cooked. The remedy lies in a more
upward tendency of the mercury.

The art of cheese making cannot be learned wholly from paper, because
variations of milk quality constantly clash with regular modes of
procedure. Here the practical experience and sound judgment of the
maker must intervene and offset the lacteal variation, by appropriate
changes in the manner of working the product.

Making good cheese out of poor milk is much talked of by makers
and considered quite an accomplishment. It consists in clothing
the product in a glamour of deception, propagating dyspepsia and
shielding careless dairymen.

Skimmed cheese is dry and tasteless and unfit for human food, because
the meat has been extracted, and the shell left. It should take a
back seat on the bench of humiliation beside oleomargarine.

When whey sparkles it is sour.

When raw curd settles quickly after being cut up, it is a signal
that it is aging rapidly and developing acid. White scum on the whey
indicates the presence of acid.

Butter exuding slightly from the hoops of pressing cheese tells
of acid and bespeaks a fine quality of goods. Butter exuding in
excessive quantity from the hoops is proof that the milk has either
been violently shaken up over rough roads or has been set at a very
high temperature.

You cannot get a good rind on a poor quality of cheese; you can
always have a perfect rind on one of good quality. Thus, in one
sense, the rind indicates the quality.

“Cleanliness is next to godliness” about a factory, because, milk
being an animal fluid it is of nitrogenous composition, and the waste
that accrues from it on decomposition becomes the most fetid carrion.

Buttermilk added to sweet milk in making cheese is a diabolical
habit, the object, nowadays, being not to produce cheese from slop
but from pure, wholesome milk alone.

Airing curds thoroughly after salting is necessary to expel gaseous
odors. The improved quality of the cheese will repay every maker for
doing it.

Never cease to agitate the question of only six days’ labor in the
week for the cheese maker. Agitate it, because God has laid it down
as a commandment for all mankind, and nature inexorably exacts from
the physical forces every violation of the rule.

Keep the curing room at an even temperature of from 65° to 70°
Fahrenheit, because a less amount of heat might sour the green cheese
on the shelves and more warmth might cause them to lose butter to the
point of off flavor.

Keep the surface of cheese impervious to fly attacks and you will
never be troubled with skippers.

Never use sour press clothes on cheese, not only from sense of
neatness, but because the rank acid will check the rind.

If you are caught with a soft curd on your hands, one that has
soured so quickly that you have had no opportunity to give it a firm
cook, grind it twice and stir it more than usual. This will reduce
pulpy lumps, add stability to the curd and prevent the cheese from
spreading out of shape in the bandage.

Rennet is the life and soul of cheese, as much depending on its
efficacy as on yeast in bread. Excessive heat stifles and kills out
its virtue and leaves the cheese structure dead and indigestible.
Makers should bear this fact in mind and never allow the cooking curd
to rest long on the bottom of the vat.

The rennet jar should never be covered, as nothing can be mentioned
that is more liable to contract fetid taint than these skins.
Exclusion of air from the vessel in which they are soaking is
extremely liable to spoil them in spite of the salt the liquor
contains.

In weighing patrons’ milk at the factory, the scales should be
balanced down and up weight taken. To the uninitiated this might at
first seem an injustice, but a little experience will soon show that
it is imperatively necessary. The dealers to whom the cheese are
consigned exact stiff up weight, and if the same is not taken at the
milk delivery window, woe be to the ratio. As all patrons are served
alike in the premises, no loss or injustice accrues to any one and
the maker is in a position to deal as he is being dealt with.

Pulverize salt thoroughly before sprinkling it over the curd. Hard
lumps will not dissolve and will produce cauterized spots through the
cheese.

During the hot weather of summer remember that curd will stand a
third more souring, and yet come down into mellow cheese, than it
would earlier or later in the season. Bearing this fact in mind gives
a maker mental relief when he has a curd that has the start of him on
acid and yet afterward comes out all right, perhaps making the best
cheese in the room.

Saving curd over to mix in with the next day’s cheese is not
desirable, but it is often unavoidable, as cheese of as even weight
as possible are always wanted. Take the curd to be saved over and put
it in a bag of bandage cloth. Mix into it an extra handful of salt,
in order to prevent too much souring, and hang the sack in a cool,
dry place. The next day, just prior to drawing the whey, empty the
old curd into the vat and stir it up with the new.

There are sometimes extreme cases of butter separation from the
cooked caseine. I have seen where butter would settle in the seams
and cavities of cheese, to the almost utter ruination of the product
and the distraction of the maker because he could not discern and
stop the cause. There are many causes, some of which are beyond the
power of the maker to remedy, such as churning the milk in drawing
it to the factory over stony roads, etc. But he can prevent too high
heat at setting time, and he can manipulate milk with gentleness
before the rennet is added.

In consigning cheese to market always put the consignor’s name on the
side instead of one cover of the box. Covers are apt to come off in
transit and get mixed with those of other consignments, entailing
much trouble to those concerned.

When coagulated milk has reached the right consistency to cut up,
draw the curd knife through it at a moderate speed, truly and
unwaveringly. The cutting behind an experienced hand will expel whey
clear and green in color. In this item of procedure let your hand be
counted among the experienced.




POTENT MAXIMS FOR THE CHEESE MAKER.


Keep a perfectly sweet, clean vat and spotless, shining apparatus and
utensils.

Make an olfactory test of every mess of milk before it is dumped into
the weighing can, and reject all that is tainted, unclean or tending
toward the sour, as by the acceptance of such injured milk you damage
your own trade reputation, detract from the dividend of every patron
who furnishes perfect milk and irreparably wrong every consumer of
the cheese.

Insist on each one of your patrons straining their milk through a
fine cloth strainer of double thickness, and use the same yourself
for it to pass through into the vat.

In heating up your milk to a temperature to meet a reception of the
rennet, stir it frequently and gently.

Never set above 86° Fahrenheit in spring and fall and 84° in summer.

Remember that too high heat before setting separates the butter
globules from the milk structure and that they are subsequently lost
in the whey.

Use nothing but stone jars for keeping rennet. If a mess of rennet
worth, perhaps, a dollar should get slightly tainted, throw it away
rather than impregnate it through $200 worth of cheese and cause
serious illness among numerous human beings.

Use only annottoine cut directly from the seed by the chemical action
of potash.

The imputation that urine is used in the paste preparation should
make every manufacturer shun it with loathing until the vile stigma
is disproved.

Be at least five minutes in stirring the rennet into milk. Stir
it with great gentleness, so that the butter globules will not be
displaced.

Curd should stand not less than forty or more than sixty minutes
after the application of rennet before cutting, the variation in
time to be governed by season, condition of milk and desired keeping
qualities. Curd is fit to cut up when it will split clean before
the finger but is not so brittle as to break before the advancing
knife. Cut first with the horizontal knife lengthways, then crossway,
then lengthways with the perpendicular blade. If milk is very ripe,
and a quick scald is necessary, cut once more crossway with the
perpendicular blade. Never slash curd in cutting, as it starts milky
whey and lowers your yield.

After cutting curd if milk is in normal condition, it is, perhaps,
better to agitate the curd gently for a few moments before heat is
applied. If milk has already taken on acid, apply heat immediately
after cutting. In agitating curd use the hands for the first fifteen
minutes, then manipulate it with a rake.

Stir only enough to keep it separated and prevent it from scorching
on the hot bottom of the vat.

Remember that cooking curd thoroughly is, without doubt, the most
important part of the whole programme of cheese making.

Do not place sole reliance on thermometer figures—let your judgment
rule supreme above that. See that every day’s curd—the product of
milk in all stages of maturity—does not part with the whey until it
is cooked to a state of contractibility in which the cubes will
separate by expansion after pressure by squeezing in the hand. No
maker considers his bread free from rawness until it has received a
certain amount of heat in the oven, and no cheese maker can expect
to get a mellow, firm cheese unless he cooks his curd as above
described. By using the smallest amount of heat possible to cook curd
within a reasonable time, a finer quality of cheese is secured and a
better yield.

Hold curd in the whey until it will string fine threads, one-fourth
of an inch in length, on the hot iron.

Aim to have the whey well drained out of the curd before it is
ground. Do not grind curd when it is too hot. If necessary, cut into
small blocks or strips and scatter over the bottom of the vat, to
cool to a temperature to about 85° Fahrenheit before grinding.

Cheese makers should not be too much wedded to fixed rules. For
instance, do not always hold curd in the whey until it shows a
quarter of an inch of acid by the iron simply because it may be a
rule. Let your judgment rise supreme over all rules. Frequently,
through the summer there are cool nights when the milk keeps so sweet
that the next day no acid will show by the time you have the curd
thoroughly cooked. At such times, as an experiment, draw off the whey
sweet and let the curd develop acid in the pack. For your particular
locality, quality of milk and character of feed, such a method may
produce finer cheese than if soured in the whey, and it may not. You
must test all of these little details to find out.

Two pounds of salt and the fractional parts of a third pound, up to
sixteen ounces per 1,000 pounds of milk, covers the cheese maker’s
scale for the season in this department. As a rule, two pounds in
the spring, with a gradual ascendancy in quantity as the apex of hot
weather approaches, and then a declination in quantity toward fall,
is about the average amount used per 1,000 pounds of milk for the
Cheddar process. There are more makers who do not salt above two and
a half pounds in hot weather than there are who use three pounds.
High salting retards curing, and the object now is to get a new
cheese onto the market as quickly as possible. With a wet curd salt a
little more than the rule by which you are running, so as to make up
the loss that goes out with the whey.




CHEESE FOR THE BRITISH MARKET.


This quality of goods, generally known as “shipping cheese,” is made
by the same process that we have described in this book with the
exception that it is, or should be, worked down more. “Worked down”
implies that a firmer cheese is produced, one cooked more, salted a
trifle higher and soured more. These requisites lend a cheese body
and prolong its keeping qualities. With all this, it must be mellow,
close textured and fine flavored. The English consumer wants such a
cheese, or he wants none. “A word to the wise is sufficient.”




SKIMMED CHEESE.


Making edible skimmed cheese is an effort to supply a constituent
for the product that does not exist, namely, oleaginous matter. The
butter or cream in milk is what gives rich flavor and mellow body to
cheese. When a part or whole of this is removed by the skimmer, the
depleted fluid, if manufactured into cheese, just as that containing
all of the cream would be, will make dry, tasteless stuff. Skimmed
cheese must be cooked, soured and salted less than full cream. Flat
skims can often be scalded at 93° and 94° Fahrenheit. But, of course,
this must be governed entirely by the rules relating to thorough
cooking.




FLOATING CURD.


Floating curd emanates from the rankest known species of tainted
milk. The curd is surfeited with offensive, poisonous gas, that
holds in check the acid and will inhabit the curd until its life has
died out. All the cheese maker can do is to wait patiently until its
existence has ended and the curd, ceasing to be inflative, develops
acid. Then grind and salt the usual amount, airing by thorough
stirring for an hour or more, with doors and windows open, to expel
the taint. Let it sour in the pack. If ground and salted before gas
has left it, the cheese will huff up like puff balls.




BOXING CHEESE FOR MARKET.


After the cheese designed for shipment are selected, examine every
one and look to it that there are no surface shortcomings; if there
are, the discrepancy must be remedied. Aim to have the cheese go into
the package neat and attractive in appearance. A firm, elastic rind,
well oiled, and a spotless bandage cloth, if forming the cuticle
of a squarely-built, well-shaped cheese, is all in the line of the
appearance that is desired by dealers and retailers. In weighing the
cheese, give good up weight, taking no account of anything less than
a pound. Use the best quality of scale boards and boxes obtainable,
and have the latter fit the cheese snugly. After a cheese is weighed,
place a scale board on the top end and shove a box onto it. Flop box
and cheese over and, as the latter settles into the case, mark the
weight on the side of the box. If the box is too high, shave the rim
down to the cheese surface and place on a scale board and then cover.
It is imperative that the covers fit tightly and snugly, and that
any superfluous rim on the box be shaved off. No cheese is properly
prepared for transportation unless it is so tight in the box that it
cannot shift and knock about. Brand the boxes in a neat, workman-like
manner, having the lettering show plainly and distinctly. Then your
cheese are ready for the freight car or the vessel’s hold.

Cheese are often slightly mouldy on their bandaged sides when cured
in damp, warm weather. To obviate this, when boxing, rub the sides
thoroughly with a dry, soft cloth and do not box until just before
shipping. No cheese should be placed in boxes in hot weather until a
few hours before transportation. Standing for several days in tight
packages and exposed to a high temperature, will not only try the
quality of cheese but will positively injure the flavor of the very
best. If they could all go to their destination in refrigerator cars,
this evil would be greatly ameliorated. With the facilities at hand,
however, aim to place them on the market in as neat a shape as they
rested on your curing room shelves.




THE HOT IRON TEST.


I do not know what cheese makers would do nowadays without the
hot iron to guide them in evenly maturing curd. It is one of the
most essential attributes of making. It should, of course, be most
judiciously used.

In 1845, Mr. L. M. Norton, of Goshen, Conn., discovered that the acid
in curd could be gauged by stringing threads from a heated iron. He
kept the discovery a secret for a long time but at last divulged it.

To supply yourself with a handy instrument for testing acid, take
a three-quarter inch bar of iron a foot long and set one end into
a ferrule on a wooden handle. It can then be conveniently handled
without burning the fingers. Heat the metal a little hotter than
desired and then thrust for a moment into a bucket of water, to
thoroughly clean the surface. Holding it in the left hand, take a
piece of curd squeezed dry of whey and press against the iron. If it
does not adhere at all, the curd is perfectly sweet, no matter how it
may smell to you. If it clings slightly, you may be assured that acid
is beginning to develop, so keep close watch of it. Curd ought never
to string out threads more than one-fourth of an inch long before
whey is drawn, and oftentimes less is desirable.

Have the iron at just the right temperature or you cannot make an
accurate test. A right temperature implies that the iron is so hot
that the curd will fry around the edges when pressed against it, but
not so hot that it will scorch over.

Tainted and floating curds will often string threads six inches and
more in length, and then not be fitted to grind and salt. As soon
as acid has overcome the gaseous condition of such curd so that the
inflation will subside, it is ready to grind, but not before. Cheese
makers should not be afraid of souring and airing such curd too much.




MILK.


In the manufacture of cheese the constituents of milk demand our
first attention, as we cannot intelligently study a subject without
investigating its primary principles. Cow’s milk contains:

  Water                                         864 parts.
  Nitrogenous matter (caseine and albumen)       43   ”
  Sugar of milk                                  52   ”
  Fat                                            37   ”
  Mineral salts                                   4   ”
                                              —————
                                              1,000

The solids represented above are in the form of minute globules, and
the serum in which they float is the water or “whey.” It is to unite
these globules and separate them from the whey that is the primary
function of cheese making. It so happens that rennet, the active
agent in this process, besides exerting an automatic, chemical action
on milk, imparts to the solids new and vigorous properties that give
cheese a medicinal value to the human stomach, namely, an inceptor of
digestion. It is imperative that a cheese maker understands enough
about milk to instantly detect the slightest change from its sweet,
pure, normal condition. Milk as a fluid is highly sensitive to
unclean odors, and when it absorbs them in a greater or less degree,
the maker should, by an olfactory test, discover the taint. Milk
that has been tainted by a retention of the animal heat, not having
been cooled when freshly drawn, will give off a rank, burned smell,
nauseous in the extreme. If the taint was absorbed from odors, the
peculiar scent of the particular stench will be indelibly impressed
on the fluid. Mature or sour milk is more to be desired for cheese
manufacture than milk poisoned by taint. In fact, a _slight_ maturity
of milk is necessary—or, at least, desirable—to produce a fine
cheese, the same as mature cream is required to develop good butter,
only in the former the “ripeness” must be scarcely perceptible,
while in the latter it must be well advanced. All tainted milk, and
all milk that is “old” and nearly sour, should be unconditionally
rejected at the cheese factory for manufacture. Do not be afraid of
financially losing by such a rule. It is none too stringent, and
in the end it will give your goods a trade reputation that will be
secure and impregnable. The idea that really good cheese can be made
out of poor milk is disproved by chemistry and common sense.




SALT.


One of the most important factors in cheese making is the saline
mineral known as salt. A cheese can be manufactured gilt-edged in
every way, but if it contains no salt, an insufficient quantity of
it or that which is of weak, inferior quality, it is simply a mass
of perishable, nitrogenous matter that will soon go to putrefaction.
Salt checks the growth of the lactic acid as quickly as a rush of
air snuffs out a candle; therefore, it has complete control over the
quality of the cheese in this direction. It preserves that quality
for an indefinite time, provided it exists in a sufficient proportion
and the cheese has been scientifically made. Then, again, salt gives
firmness and flavor to the cheese.

Thus, perceiving that cheese, as a component of human food, could not
exist without salt, the analogy between the purity of that article
and the fine quality of cheese is at once apparent. It is needless to
advise the use of nothing but a fine, pure grade of salt for savoring
cheese. Perhaps, instead of needless, it is _needful_ to admonish
manufacturers in this regard. I regret to say that I have observed
many who held false ideas of economy about so cheap an article as
this briny product. A difference of twenty-five cents on a barrel
would turn their judgment in favor of the cheaper, coarser article,
and, while really the losers thereby, they would feel complacent over
a supposed gain.

It is just such little slights as this—substituting poor for good
salt—that help make up the discrepancy in quality already perceptible
in American cheese. The dairymen of this country possess the most
advantageous position of any class of dairymen in the world. For
years their milch cattle have been bred toward the extinction of beef
characteristics, and toward the fostering and enlargement of lacteal
tendencies, until now, in point of blood, the general average is
high. Intelligence, skilled labor and ingenuity are at command and
should so leaven the products of our dairies that they should stand
above all competitors. Then, why be “Penny wise and pound foolish,”
when so grand a prize as national trade reputation is at stake?
Cheese manufacturers, employ only the most experienced and careful
help obtainable, and be willing to pay them liberally for their
services. Look only to _the quality_ of your cheese and let the ratio
take care of itself. No matter if it takes eleven or twelve pounds of
milk to produce a pound of cheese, provided that cheese is gilt-edged
in every particular. Use nothing but first-class material, from the
rennet, coloring matter and salt that goes into the cheese to the
scale board and the box that covers it. Let the foreign demand wane
if it wants to—we know how to relish good cheese here at home just
as well as our English brothers, and, in the future, we are going to
consume more of the product _per capita_, too.




HOME-MADE CHEESE.


Exhaustive rules for manufacturing cheese on a small scale at home
occasionally go the rounds of the agricultural press. Some of them
contain ideas of real merit and some do not. All middle-aged people
who have in younger days lived in localities where dairying reached
even modest pretensions can recall the sweet-savored cheese room, an
adjunct of the kitchen, whose furnishing of primitive milk utensils
was then considered ample for the housewife’s use. Associated dairies
or factories soon came upon the stage, and their vast superiority of
method, coupled with the adoption of the cheddar system, marked an
era in cheese improvement, which said in effect, if not in words,
that “home dairy cheese must go.” The innovation of factories
undermined and swept out of existence this small fry of amateur
production, because home dairymen would not or could not adopt the
cheddar improvement and manipulate their milk with skilled labor.
Dairies associated together under factory regime facilitated such
an easy and quick disposal of one’s milk, and at such a greatly
enhanced profit, that the obvious convenience and economy of the new
order of things, more than any inimical characteristic it possessed,
pulled down the one and set up the other. It matters not, though,
to consumers in America or England, whether the cheese they eat is
made under the roof of a farm house on a small scale, or in a mammoth
factory on a large one, provided the quality is good. But there are
serious drawbacks about making up milk in diminutive quantity that
are hard to overcome. Let us discuss them and analyze their leading
features:

I think it is safe to assume that not one person out of fifty who
attempts to make home dairy cheese to-day but will manufacture it
just as his fathers did fifty years ago. In their minds the whole
process is covered by coagulation of the milk, quick cooking of the
curd, salting it and pressing it. There is no thought of having the
milk moderately mature, the curd thoroughly cooked and then properly
soured, and the salt judiciously applied. The amateur knows nothing
about the fine yet necessary points of manufacture, and so his cheese
lacks the fine but requisite points of quality to insure it trade
recognition. We all like good cheese to eat, but in this country,
thanks to the skimmer, it is getting so that the good article is very
scarce and promises to be scarcer if the skimmer’s relations with the
factory are not soon done away with.

A great many readers who live in non-cheese manufacturing districts
appreciate mellow, rich cheese when they sometimes at long intervals
find it on their groceryman’s counter, and vow that they would eat
the article more if the price was cheapened and the general quality
raised. You should, if you live a hundred miles or so from any
factory, and if you have a few cows and your neighbor has a few more,
club together and make up some cheese for your own use. You have a
vivid remembrance of how your mother used to manage it years ago.
Discard the wooden tub that she used, for now we have tin vessels
that are far preferable. Get two or three hundred pounds of milk
together, if possible, but do not rob it of a bit of cream—keep that
well worked into the fluid. Have a heavy bottomed tin box with round
corners, made at the tinner’s, one that is so shaped that it will
fit into a large caldron kettle and yet leave a couple of inches of
space between its outside surface and the iron sides of the kettle.
This space is for water, which should be used as the best conductor
to raise the temperature of the milk. Set the kettle in a brick or
stone arch, in which kindle a slow fire. With the tin vessel filled
with milk, and water about it in the way described, you have a cheese
vat in miniature. Have a thermometer handy. Stir the milk often and
do not let it get above 85° before setting. Draw the fire out before
it has fairly reached that temperature, as the after heat will raise
it a degree or two. Do not trust to your knowledge of the strength
of rennet. Buy some Rennetine and carefully follow directions as
to the amount necessary to coagulate 100 pounds of milk. Work the
rennet in thoroughly and then cover the little “vat” up with a piece
of sheeting. It is very important to have just enough rennet as too
much or too little will spoil the cheese. Have your tinner make you
two curd knives, one with perpendicular and the other with horizontal
blades. When the coagulated milk will break squarely over the finger,
and whey begins to start around the edges, cut it quite finely with
the knives, using first the perpendicular and then the horizontal
one. Raise the temperature slowly, not to 100° or 110°, but to a
point where the curd is thoroughly cooked but not to dryness. Stir
the curd and whey up at frequent intervals to keep it from packing.
Do not hustle it into the press now just because you have it cooked,
unless it is sour. Remember that the curd must mature, or, in other
words, generate acid. Therein lies the future good quality of the
cheese. Do not rely on your olfactory sense to gauge the sourness.
Press a little piece of the curd against a hot iron. When it pulls
out strings one-half of an inch long in spring, one inch long in
midsummer and one-half inch in fall, it is sour enough to be salted.
Have the whey all dipped off and the curd drained before it has
reached a maturity sufficient to salt. Do not salt in hot weather
higher than one-fourth of a pound to a hundred pounds of milk, and in
spring and fall less. As you have, at the most, only a little curd
to manipulate, do not let it get cold but put it in the hoop at a
temperature of at least 75°. Do not try to save over curd for another
batch the next day. Better have two twenty-pound cheese in two days
than one forty-pounder during the same time. You cannot graft new
curd onto old without lowering the quality of the whole. After you
have a curd in the hoop do not try to press it with stone weights
because there is so little of it. Have a small press frame and a
screw for that purpose. These small cheese will cure quickly. Keep
the ends well oiled, and lay them on a shelf in a warm room, where
they should be turned and rubbed every day.

The foregoing pointers are intended for persons who have some
previous knowledge of making dairy cheese, and, therefore, minute
details of explanation have not been given. The trouble with most
home dairy makers is that they do not realize the importance of
souring the curd, and so make weak, off-flavored, perishable stock.




OCTOBER CHEESE.


How are we to make as good cheese in October as we have been turning
out in September? This is the mental query that will sometimes arise
in the minds of makers whose experience is not measured by length of
years. A one-twelfth turn of the wheel of the yearly chronological
table ought not to produce such a vast change in lacteal affairs as
to exert a radical change in the manufacturing process. Of course,
the artificial subdivisions of the season would be of but small
moment in the case if they were not to a certain extent analogous
to natural atmospheric changes. As September wanes into October the
summer is insidiously but surely attaining its maturity. The grass
roots having in a prolific manner fulfilled their annual mission,
fail to send forth the tender blade of earlier months. Blighting
frosts sear the pastures and sap the succulence from the feed. It
is but natural that such an alteration in climatic influence should
leave its effect on the milk. It is a maxim of cheese making that
you must work milk according to its condition, not expecting one
invariable rule to cover the whole science, but keeping in mind
numberless distinct methods of treatment, for instant application as
exigencies arise.

As a general thing, less acid is deemed necessary for the October
make than was applied to the September product. I believe that in
making this important change the majority of manufacturers are too
abrupt in method and reduce the standard of ripeness prematurely in
point of time. A certain amount of acid is necessary to impart flavor
and insure good keeping qualities, hence more of it is required in
hot weather than in cold, as a defense against high temperature.
Many think that as soon as the hot days are passed the need of an
advanced curd maturity is passed also, and make almost sweet cheese.
If there is any thing that is fraught with dire consequences in
cheese making, it is extremes practiced in the _modus operandi_.
Avoid anything so derogatory and let conservatism characterize your
movements. Despite seasons and weather, and climate, we have got to
apply just so much acid to cheese to make it palatable and mellow,
and if the product is liable to encounter crucial weather enough more
sourness to retain the flavor established is imperative. But what
weakens fall goods is that in decreasing the acid scale in view of
cold weather ahead the retrograde is pushed beyond its own needs
and infringes on the quality of the cheese. In their zeal to have
the standard just right, I have known old makers to produce a lot
of weak October cheese before they realized where the trouble was.
Better have a little fullness of acid on fall stock than not enough.
“Doctor, why is it that you always buy a late fall cheese for winter
family use?” was asked one of the medical fraternity by a factory
employee as he delivered a forty pounder at his door. “We have in
my estimation far better goods on the shelves made in August and
September, and the price is the same.” “Well, you see, young man,”
said the Doctor, pouring some quinine into a vial, “I have a notion
that late fall cheese is healthier; the milk is no richer, perhaps,
than in September but the air is cool and pure, and, of course, you
know what a debilitating effect heat waves and miasmatic atmospheric
currents have on milk. Well, the less poison there is in the air,
the less there will be in the milk and subsequently in the cheese,
consequently my choice.” I believe the man of pills argued in the
right direction there, but then there is happily a way of expunging
from the curd infections absorbed by the milk from the atmosphere,
namely, airing.

The most diabolical enemy of October cheese is the skimmer. In
factories where that is unused there is a clear field for developing
fine stock, but there is no concealing the fact that all attempts to
smooth over the impoverishing effects of its use by the most skilled
treatment are futile and unavailing. If all of the good endeavor
to make mellow, rich cheese out of substance that is but dross was
expended in divorcing the illegitimate union of creamery and cheese
factory, incalculable benefit would accrue to dairy interests.

This month avoid cold draughts through the make-room during the
scalding process, as a vat presents a large surface for a current
of air to exert a chilling effect upon. Be sure and cook the curd
enough. There is a vast amount of fall made cheese that comes to
grief through insufficient scalding. If you do not bake a loaf of
bread thoroughly, you have a doughy and unpalatable article of food,
and if curd is not cooked until it has passed the raw state, it
will retain a certain quantity of whey and damage the product on
the shelves. This is the cause of strong-flavored, flabby-textured
cheese. A gentleman of long experience in the trade has said: “The
truth is, as it is difficult to cure cheese in cold weather, it ought
to be cooked more than will answer in hot weather, and sour less, as
the tendency is to acidulation in a cool atmosphere, in consequence
of the moisture not drying out soon enough.” To this we can append
the suggestion of never trying to cure a cheese in a cool atmosphere,
for the result will be a failure. A cheese cannot help but grow old
in a cold room but it will never cure.




A SIGNIFICANT REPORT.


A recent issue of the Utica _Herald_ contains the following:

  A New York gentleman, who has recently returned from Liverpool,
  writes to a friend in this city and reports the situation healthy
  on the other side, but says New York State cheese are done for
  as far as fine cheese goes. It is the same old trouble we have
  mentioned time and again, too much cheese to the pound of milk—no
  body. Canada, and even New Zealand, are taking the trade of fine
  cheese from the States. Our factory men will wake up to the fact
  some day and find their goods are only second class. In fact, it is
  about so now. New York State cheese sell under Canada all the way
  from ½ @ 1c. a pound. We have preached this a long while but it is
  beginning to be realized now. This accounts for the large shipments
  from Canada during the last two months, and the small ones from
  here.

Cheese industry is not yet of sufficient magnitude to exert any
marked influence on the European markets, but as the dairy industry
is constantly expanding here, and the State’s product must stand on
its own merits, it behooves manufacturers to avoid the pit that their
brothers of the Empire State have inadvertently stumbled into. We
consume a large amount of cheese here at home, and why are not our
stomachs as worthy to be catered to as are the digestive receptacles
of our English cousins across the pond? Yet there is no alarm in
cheese circles as to deteriorated quality until British buyers find
something that suits them better and for which they are willing to
pay more. Truly cheese-eating New Yorkers are a very patient people.
We have before us the file of a leading American cheese report of
1868—twenty years ago. It says: “We are behind the Canadians as
regards firmness, but ahead of them in point of flavor. The same
relation exists between American and Swedish cheese; also, between
American and English cheese, and other European makes, with the
exception of a few of the best English brands, which are equal if
not superior to our finest grades, as regards flavor, and superior
in fineness and firmness of texture.” This was America’s prestige
a score of years ago. Why has it not been sustained? The cause is
clear to the most obdurate. Producers supposed their cheese supreme
in the English markets and have been abusing an established trade
reputation with impunity. Their folly is now apparent, and the
question naturally arises, Will they play the role of the prodigal
son and return to a path of trade rectitude? That implies that the
banns that unite the creamery and the cheese factory be irrevocably
severed—send the skimmer higher than Gilroy’s kite, as it were.
The American people can appreciate good cheese just as well as the
English. We want good butter, too, but not at the cost of the cheese
quality. That is not necessary, and a few years ago we did not deem
it so, either. Why should there be a tendency in that direction
now? We are now better equipped in every department to send out
better cheese than we did in 1868, yet notice the difference in the
two reports quoted. We are better equipped, because we have more
scientific appliances for handling milk. Our milk is better, because
the pastures are improved, and a finer grade of stock feeds upon
them. Makers of to-day who rely on the accumulated cheese wisdom
handed down through two decades of experience should be rich enough
in knowledge to at least not retrograde from the standard of 1868.
Let us for one moment lay reform in the tariff, and reform in the
civil service on the table and talk, think and act about reform in
cheese. Michigan always takes a front seat when reformation of any
kind is agitated. We are satisfied she will not take a back seat
now. There has probably not been such a tendency in this State as in
other localities to rob milk at both ends and on the sides before
it is suffered to coagulate in cheese, but let us smother what
infection there is before it becomes an established blight on the
Wolverine product. We are satisfied that our dairymen are alive to
their interests here, and will not drift away from safe anchorage. A
shipping cheese requires more body, or, in other words, more acid and
firmness than a cheese designed for home consumption. This is partly
due to the fact that such a quality is demanded by European consumers
and partly because an ocean voyage necessitates it. It takes more
milk to make such cheese, and less milk to produce the softer and
more perishable home trade goods. In thrusting the cheaper article on
the foreign market, New Yorkers have staked a hazardous venture and
lost. Nothing is said about the skimmer, but it gets in its insidious
work all the same—not under full cream brands, probably. We do not
insinuate that, but the markets are crowded with night and flat
skims, occupying space that should be filled with richer goods. Skims
are sent over to England when they really want full cream. Canada and
New Zealand step in with a fine quality of the latter brand, and
they take it even in preference to the States’ best offering. We hold
skimmed cheese greatly responsible for the trade depression under
which the American article is now laboring. It is high time that the
dry, hard stuff was known no more in all the earth.




PREPARED RENNET AND COLOR.


The value to the cheese trade of scientifically prepared rennet and
annotto color cannot be over estimated. Rennet extract, and one
quality annottoine, are not in general use, but they should be. With
the home prepared infusion of both articles, we have a thousand
diverse shades of quality and degrees of strength, and, worst of
all, they are often applied to the milk, hit or miss. The result is
unevenness in cheese quality and color, where there should be perfect
uniformity. We advise all makers to renounce as fast as practicable
the old, often unsatisfactory method of soaking rennet skins, and
steeping annotto seed, and adopt reliably prepared extracts of these
essential cheese ingredients.




CHEESE THAT HUFF.


A good, properly manufactured cheese will never huff up on the
surface, or swell the bandage to the point of protuberance. Cheese
often huff slightly when curing, and afterward flatten into a
smooth, firm surface, but they are never No. 1 stock. The writer can
remember fifteen years back when makers did not understand working
gaseous curds as they do now. Sales and shipments were far between
then, and cheese accumulated in great numbers in factories. It was
no uncommon thing in the years ’73 and ’74, in passing through a
curing room containing 500 or 600 cheese, to find a large percentage
of the umber covered with immense blisters, that held in retention
offensive smelling gases. Every day the maker would lance these
unhealthy swellings with a wire or goose quill, only to have them
shortly after bulge out in another place. Besides these partially
affected cheese, there were often days’ makes of those that would
huff all over, swell out like huge puff balls till a slight jar
would have rolled them from the shelves. These were the product of
floating curds with the gas all left in. A decade and a half ago
farmers did not take the same care of their milk that they do now.
They were not versed in dairy literature to any extent, and did not
see the importance of speedily expelling animal heat from milk or of
always furnishing their cows with wholesome drinking water. Hence,
tainted milk was more often the rule than the exception. With the
present bettered quality of milk and the improved skill of makers in
handling it, inflative cheese ought to now be foreign to the curing
room. Bad taints are at present seldom met with, but slight ones
creep in unawares, unless the maker is vigilant, and then it is his
business to eradicate the ill-savor. Sour until acid has completely
overcome the gas, grind twice, and give the curd a prolonged airing
by frequent stirring. Try the prolonged stirring on common curds that
are hot—too hot to go immediately to press—and notice how it will
enhance the flavor of the cheese.




FACTORY UTENSILS.


As a maker, I have had opportunities of seeing milk in all stages and
in all conditions, and I have found it an invariable rule that the
milk furnished by farmers who read and studied the dairy question
in all of its phases; who were conversant with dairy literature and
adopted the most improved methods extant for producing an abundant,
pure and rich flow of milk, were enough affected by the ideas
absorbed from library and press to be unconsciously moulded by their
influence. On the other hand, farmers who never read; who avoided
all progressive methods as “new-fangled notions” and clung to the
primitive ways of their ancestors, forgetful that those ancestors
adopted nothing new because there was no new thing to adopt,
furnished milk sometimes good, often poor, and never profitable to
themselves. A man who doesn’t have an opinion on the relative value
of milch breeds, who doesn’t know how to feed scientifically and who
has narrow conceptions of systematic dairying, generally is, in this
competitive epoch, an agricultural cipher.

The other day the writer inspected two cheese factories, separated
by only a few miles, each being located on admirable sites and
accessible to water. Previous to my visit I had been told that the
maker in B——’s factory had, during the past season, produced poor,
uneven stock, which was a surprise to his friends, as his trade
reputation was excellent. On the other hand, I knew that the cheese
from W——’s factory, although manufactured by a man of less experience
than his rival, had sold at prices above the former’s and footed up
a lower ratio. As soon as I had seen the interior of each building
the sequel was made plain to me, and subsequent investigation proved
it. The first named factory was a mere shell, furnished with utensils
both primitive and worn out; the second was a tight, plastered
structure and equipped with all of the paraphernalia essential to
a modern cheese building. The competition was like running a pony
express against a United States mail train.

A cheese factory needs good, improved utensils, just the same as a
farm requires machinery of the latest patterns. It should have a
boiler, because steam heating is cheaper, more under control and,
consequently, safer for scalding than where fire under heating is
employed. It should be furnished with a curd mill, because with one
the maker has the acid almost completely under control. Without
a mill, the whey must be retained until nearly enough acid has
developed to meet the requisite gauge. Then it must be hastily drawn
and hastily salted, with the whey not all out of it; too often the
acid is in advance of the maker’s expectations. Cheese made in this
way from day to day cannot help but be uneven in flavor, in salt and
in acid. “Salting in the whey,” as it is called, without a mill is
wasteful, too. As the whey flows off, the constant tendency of the
curd is to pack, and hand manipulation to prevent this will start
white whey, the life blood of the cheese, in wasteful quantities.
With a mill to use, all this is changed. The whey can be drawn when
but very little acid has appeared, and the curd, packed and drained,
waits for the sourness to develop there. It matures more slowly than
when submerged in whey, and when the right point is reached the iron
teeth of the mill attack it and tear it up and salt it when in a _dry
state_, which is a great advantage. The make-room should be supplied
with a gang press and patent hoops, because one screw will compress a
dozen cheese and solidify them more firmly than old fashioned single
screws. A good cheese can be spoiled after it is in the hoop by
insufficient pressing.

I consider the latest milk handling devices almost as essential
in a modern factory or creamery as the practical knowledge of the
maker. Not merely for labor saving purposes should manufactories be
so supplied, but because the demands of present trade require dairy
products of a complexion difficult to attain without. It is a “penny
wise and pound foolish” policy to scantily furnish a butter or cheese
plant when thereby the loss on one under price sale would have more
than covered the deficiency in tools.




TO CHEESE MAKERS.


The main point why Canadian cheese is lately quoted higher than
American is that they are ahead of us =on uniformity=. To obtain this
a uniform Rennet and a uniform Color are most essential. No matter
how careful the maker is, he can never get it as uniform as our


  Chr. Hansen’s Rennet Extract

  ——AND——

  CHEESE COLOR.

Taking into account the poor Rennets in the market, the saving by
making your own Extract is very small; and as to Cheese Color, even
if you did save 60 cents a gallon it would only cost you =5 cents
more to color 1000 pounds of cheese=, a mere nothing if ours is
at all more uniform and of a more natural shade, =bright, clean,
creamy=, and not dull reddish.

Consider this, and give our Extract and Color a fair trial.

If you prefer Rennet in dry shape try our Rennet Tablets, which are
quite as cheap and a great deal handier to use than powder.

Send for Price List to


  CHR. HANSEN’S LABORATORY,
  (Little Falls, N. Y.,) or
  17 Dearborn Street,       CHICAGO, ILL.

  J. D. FREDERIKSEN, ESQ.,       BROCKVILLE, Ont., July 17, 1886.

  CHR. HANSEN’S LABORATORY, LITTLE FALLS, N. Y.:

  _Dear Sir_—Your Rennet and Color are positively the finest
  that have ever been introduced into this section. I know this
  personally. Our cheese are finer this year than ever before in
  consequence of using those goods.

  Yours respectfully,
  D. DERBYSHIRE, Pres’t E. O. D. A.




  CREAMERY, CHEESE FACTORY AND
  DAIRY

  MACHINERY AND SUPPLIES.

  [Illustration: Decoration]

  D. H. ROE & CO.,

  CHICAGO, ILL.,

  CARRY A FULL LINE OF ALL KINDS OF SUPPLIES, SUCH AS

  Butter Cloth, Cheese Cloth, Cloth Circles,

  RENNETS,

  RENNET EXTRACT, RENNET TABLETS, CHEESE
  COLOR, BUTTER COLOR, CHEESE GREASE,
  SALT, BUTTER TUBS, CHEESE
  BOXES, CHEESE BOX
  STOCK, &c., &c.

  ALSO A FULL LINE OF

  Cream Vats, Milk Vats, Self Heating Vats, Churns,
  Steam Boilers, Steam Engines, Separators,
  Cheese Presses, Butter Printers,
  Etc., Etc., Etc.

  Send for Price List, and mention the “Hand-Book.”

[Illustration: Barrels]

Acknowledged to be the only proper CHEESE DRESSING on the market.

  _Manufactured only by_ =B. J. JOHNSON & CO.,
  MILWAUKEE, WIS.=




THE MICHIGAN DAIRYMAN.

_Official Organ of the Michigan Dairyman’s Association._

50 CENTS PER YEAR IN ADVANCE.

_Sample Copies sent Free._


  _Address the Publishers_,
  E. A. STOWE & BRO.,
  Grand Rapids,       Michigan.




  Transcriber’s Notes

  pg 12 Changed: the whole mass is preceptibly
             to: the whole mass is perceptibly

  pg 15 Changed: been thoroughly agitated vithout bruising
             to: been thoroughly agitated without bruising

  pg 16 Changed: slightly (perpaps in five minutes
             to: slightly (perhaps in five minutes

  pg 17 Changed: sure test of which I are aware
             to: sure test of which I am aware

  pg 19 Changed: A maker who can preceive
             to: A maker who can perceive

  pg 20 Changed: expel heat as to expugn the gaseous odors
             to: expel heat as to expunge the gaseous odors

  pg 21 Changed: tht last thing stirring up the surface
             to: that last thing stirring up the surface

  pg 33 Changed: the rennet or gastic juice it contains
             to: the rennet or gastric juice it contains

  pg 34 Changed: been secreted in their mammilary glands
             to: been secreted in their mammillary glands

  pg 35 Changed: seat on the bench of humilation
             to: seat on the bench of humiliation

  pg 36 Changed: inexorably exacts from the physicial
             to: inexorably exacts from the physical

  pg 37 Changed: As all patirons are served
             to: As all patrons are served

  pg 39 Changed: lengthway to lengthways (two times)

  pg 45 Changed: afraid af financially losing
             to: afraid of financially losing

  pg 52 Changed: a way of expugning from the curd
             to: a way of expunging from the curd

  pg 52 Changed: benefit would accrue to dairy interetes
             to: benefit would accrue to dairy interests

  pg 55 Changed: scientific appliances for handling miik
             to: scientific appliances for handling milk

  pg 55 Changed: before it becomes an establisted
             to: before it becomes an established

  pg 58 Changed: who does’t know how to feed scientifically
             to: who doesn’t know how to feed scientifically

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HAND-BOOK ON CHEESE
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